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sImSn F¶p tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ HmÀ½bnse¯p¶Xv shänes¡mSntbm IpcpapfIpsNSntbm BImw. sImSnacw sImSn Ibdp¶ hr£hpw. F¶mÂ Chbpambn ]pe_Ôw t]mepanÃm¯ sImSnbpw sImSnachpamWv ChnsS NÀ¨mhnjbamIp¶Xv. sImSn AYhm ]XmI {]tXyI ASbmfambn D]tbmKn¡p¶ Hcp XpWn¡jWamWv. ]e Xc¯nepw Xe¯nepapÅ sImSnIfpWvSv. sImSn¡v Ncn{XmXoXImet¯mfw ]g¡apWvSv. tKm{X¯eh·mÀ X§fpsS A[nImc¯nsâ NnÓambn Xe¸mhp [cn¨ncp¶p. AtXmsSm¸w \oWvS Hcp hSnbpsS apIfä¯v tKm{XNnÓw ]nSn¸n¨ncn¡pw. CXmbncp¶p BZyImes¯ sImSn.
_n.kn. 600 \pw 300þ\pw CSbv¡v ssN\bnÂ knÂ¡v XpWnIÄ DWvSm¡m³ XpS§n. _eapÅXpw `mcw IpdªXpamb knÂ¡pXpWnIÄ _m\À DWvSm¡m³ D]tbmKn¨p. AIse\n¶pXs¶ CXpIWvSv Imcy§Ä {Kln¡m³ klmbn¨p. XpWnsImWvSpÅ sImSnIfpWvSm¡m³ Bcw`n¨Xpw ssN\bnemWv. {ItaW ssN\bnÂ \n¶pw C´y, P¸m³, sImdnb apXemb Gjy³ cmPy§fnepw tdma³km{amPy¯nepw aäv bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnepw sImSn¡p {]NmcapWvSmbn.
a[yiXI§fnÂ ]XmI ]e Imcy§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKn¡m³ XpS§n. {]Øm\§fpw ]«W§fpw cmPm¡·mcpw {]tXyIw ]XmIIÄ \nÀ½n¨v D]tbmKn¨p. ]«mf¡mÀ¡v {]tXyIw ]XmIIÄ D]tbmK¯nÂ h¶p. kap{Z¯nÂ k©cn¡p¶ I¸epIÄ tZiob]XmIIÄ D]tbmKn¨pXpS§n.
Hmtcm cmPy¯n\pw {]tXyIw ]XmIbpWvSv. Cu tZiob]XmI hfsc {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. IqSmsX A´ÀtZiob ]XmIIfpapWvSv. sFIycmjv{SkwLS\bpsS ]XmI, Hfn¼nIv]XmI, temI]XmI F¶nh A´Àt±iob]XmIIfmWv. temIaX§Ä¡pw ]XmIIfpWvSv. ]e tZiob]XmIIfpw aXNnÓ§Ä kzoIcn¨n«pWvSv.
ImbnIaÕc§fnÂ ]XmIIfp]tbmKn¡mdpWvSv. ISÂ¯oc¯v A]IStaJe Xncn¨dnbm³ sImSn Øm]n¡mdpWvSv. sdbnÂthbnÂ sImSn knáembn D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
{]Øm\§fpw cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIfpw sImSnIÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶p. cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIsf Xncn¨dnbm³ Gähpw Ffp¸apÅ amÀ¤w sImSnbpsS \ndhpw NnÓhpamWv. Bibhn\nab¯n\v sImSnIÄ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p.
]e BIrXnbnepapÅ sImSnIfpWvSv. IqSpXÂ ]XmIIfpw ZoÀLNXpcmIrXnbnemWv. ]e Xcw XpWnsImWvSv ]e hep¸¯nepÅ sImSnIfpWvSv. sshhn[yamÀ¶ \nd§Ä ]XmIIÄ kzoIcn¨n«pWvSv.
sImSn DbÀ¯m\pÅ ZÞmWv sImSnacw. XSntbm temltam CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶p. ]e hep¸¯nepÅ sImSnac§fpWvSv. temI¯nse Gähpw DbcapÅ sImSnacw SÀ¡ta\nÌm\nemWv. Cu sImSnac¯n\v 436 ASn s]m¡apWvSv. AÊÀ_Pm\nÂ \nÀ½n¨psImWvSncn¡p¶ sImSnac¯n\v 531 ASn DbcapWvSmIpsa¶mWv IW¡m¡p¶Xv. tPmÀUm\nse sImSnac¯n\p 433 ASnbpw Aam\nse sImSnac¯n\v 410 ASnbpw DbcamWpÅXv. Aam\nse sImSnac¯nÂ Ibäp¶ ]XmIbv¡v 200 ASn \ofhpw 130 ASn hoXnbpapWvSv.
sImSntXmcW§Ä BtLmj¯n\pw iàn{]IS\¯n\pw D]tbmKn¡p¶pWvSv. {]Øm\§fpw cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIfpw aX§fpw \S¯p¶ sImSnac{]bmWw, ]XmI{]bmWw apXembh iàn{]IS\¯nsâ `mKamWv. sImSnacw DbÀ¯n Øm]n¡p¶Xpw sImSn Ibäp¶Xpw BtLmj]cn]mSnIfpsS KW¯nÂs¸Spw. I¬sh³j³, ]mÀ«nkt½f\§Ä, Xncp\mfpIÄ, DÕh§Ä F¶nhtbmS\p_Ôn¨mWv Cu NS§pIsfÃmw.
cmjv{Sob]mÀ«n¡mÀ hgn¡heIfnÂ sImSnacw Øm]n¨v X§fpsS sImSnIfpbÀ¯p¶p. Cu sImSnbpw sImSnachpw amÀ¤XSÊapWvSm¡p¶hbmWv. Cu ssItbäw XSbm³ A[nImcnIÄ `bs¸Sp¶p. hnhn[ ]mÀ«n ]XmIIÄ klnjvWpXtbmSpIqSn tNÀ¶p tNÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶Xp ImWmw. F¶mÂ ]mÀ«n¡mÀ¡v X½nÂ¯½nÂ Cu klnjvWpX ImWn¡m³ Ignbp¶nÃ. sImSnbpw sImSnachpw ]ebnS¯pw ASn]nSn¡pw A{Ia¯n\pw ImcWamImdpWvSv.
DÕh§fpsSbpw Xncp\mfpIfpsSbpw Bcw`w Ipdn¡p¶Xv sImSntbämWv. ]Ån¸cnkc¯pw t£{Xapä¯pw Iqä³ sImSnac§Ä Øm]n¨n«pWvSmIpw. ]qPmhn{Kls¯¡mÄ {]m[m\yw sImSnac¯n\p \ÂIp¶Xmbn tXm¶p¶p. sImSnacw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v Fs´Ãmw IÀ½hn[nIfmWpÅXv!
e£§Ä apS¡n t£{X§fpw ]ÅnIfpw aÕcn¨v sImSnac§Ä Øm]n¡p¶p. F´n\mWv ap³KW\ sImSpt¡WvSsX¶ Xncn¨dnthm hnthItam CÃmsXbpÅ {]hr¯nIfmWnh. ]pdwtXmSn\p am{Xw {]m[m\yw sImSp¡p¶ hnhct¡SmWnXv. CXns\ sImSnac¡¼w F¶p hnfn¡mw. AI¡m¼nÃm¯ s]mÅbmb BßobXbpsSbpw AÔhnizmk¯nsâbpw A\´c^eamWnhsbÃmw. "shÅbSn¨ IpgnamS§tf' F¶ {InkvXphnsâ hN\§Ä C¶pw {]Xn[z\n¨psImWvSncn¡p¶p. ]XmIIÄ¡v {]m[m\yapWvSv. AÀln¡p¶ {]m[m\yw Ahbv¡p sImSp¡Wsa¶pam{Xw.
tZiob]XmIIÄ Hmtcm cmPy¯nsâbpw tZiobXbpsS {]XoIamWv. AXpsImWvSv amXrcmPy¯n\p \ÂIp¶ BZchpw _lpam\hpw tZiob]XmIbv¡pw \ÂtIWvSXmWv. `mcX¯nsâ tZiob]XmI kzmX{´ykacIme¯v cq]s¸«XmWv.
C´y³ \mjWÂ tIm¬{Kknsâ {XnhÀ®]XmIbv¡v Bhiyamb amä§Ä hcp¯nbmWv `mcX¯nsâ tZiob]XmIbv¡p cq]w \ÂInbXv. ]n³Kmfn sh¦¿m cq]Iev]\ sNbvX {XnhÀ®]XmI 1931þÂ \mjWÂ tIm¬{Kknsâ HutZymKnI]XmIbmbn AwKoIcn¨p. kam´cambn Gähpw apIfnÂ Imhn\ndhpw \Sp`mK¯p shÅbpw ASn`mK¯v ]¨bpw \nd§fpÅ XpWnbmWv sImSn¡mbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. CXnsâ \SphnÂ NÀ¡bpsS NnÓhpw tNÀ¯ncp¶p. \nd§Ä¡v {]tXyIw AÀ°hpw sImSp¯p. Imhn ss[cyhpw, shÅ kXyhpw kam[m\hpw ]¨ hnizmkhpw kar²nbpw {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶p.
kzmX{´yw e`n¡p¶Xn\psXm«pap¼v tZiob]XmIsb¸än BtemNn¡p¶Xn\v tIm¬Ìnäyqhâv Akw»n Hcp XmÂ¡menII½nänsb NpaXes¸Sp¯n. Cu I½nänbpsS Xeh³ tUmIvSÀ cmtP{µ{]kmZmbncp¶p. A_vZpÄIemw BkmZv, ktcmPn\n \mbnUp, kn. cmPtKm]memNmcn, sI.Fw. ap³jn , _n.BÀ. Awt_ZvIÀ F¶nhcmbncp¶p aäwK§Ä. 1947þPqsse 14þmw XobXn tZiob]XmI kw_Ôn¨ Xocpam\ambn. \mjWÂ tIm¬{Kknsâ {XnhÀ®]XmIbnse NÀ¡ amän ]Icw AtimIN{Iw kzoIcn¨p. 1947 BKÌv 15þ\v Cu {XnhÀ®]XmIbmWv D]tbmKn¨Xv.
tZiob]XmIbpsS \nÀ½mWw, D]tbmKw apXembh kw_Ôn¨v At\Iw \n_Ô\IÄ \nehnepWvSv. _yqtdm Hm^v C´y³ Ìm³UmÀUvkv ]XmIsb kw_Ôn¨ {]tXyIXIÄ AwKoIcn¨p \ÂInbn«pWvSv. JmZntbm, ssI¯dnbp]tbmKn¨p s\bvX XpWntbm am{Xta tZiob]XmIbv¡v D]tbmKn¡m³ ]mSpÅq. C´ybnÂ \nÀ½n¡p¶ ]XmIIÄ Cu \n_Ô\IÄ ]men¡p¶pWvSv. F¶mÂ hntZi§fnÂ Ch IrXyambn ]men¡s¸Sp¶nÃ. AtimIN{I¯n\v 24 I¼nIfpWvSv. CXv ]XmIbnÂ kv{Io³{]nâp sN¿pItbm \¶mbn Xbn¨p]nSn¸n¡pItbm sN¿mw.
Hmtcm hÀjhpw 40 Zie£t¯mfw tZiob]XmIIÄ C´ybnÂ hnägn¡s¸Sp¶pWvSv. C´ybnse Gähpw henb tZiob]XmI almcmjv{Sa{´mebsI«nS¯nÂ DbÀ¯nbncn¡p¶ ]XmIbmWv. CXnsâ hep¸w 6.4 x4.2 aoädmWv.
2002 \p ap¼v s]mXpP\§Ä¡v tZiob]XmI DbÀ¯m\pÅ AhImiw GXm\pw tZiob Ah[nZnhk§fnÂ am{Xambn Npcp§nbncp¶p. kzmX{´yZn\w, dn¸»nIv Zn\w apXemb Znhk§Ä s]mXpP\§Ä¡v DNnXamb coXnbnÂ tZiob ]XmI DbÀ¯m³ A\phmZapWvSmbncp¶p. Cu \nb{´Ww [n¡cn¨v \ho³ Pn³UÂ F¶ Hcp hyhkmbn Xsâ Hm^okv aµnc¯nsâ apIfnÂ tZiob]XmI DbÀ¯n. kÀ¡mÀ ]XmI IWvSpsI«n. tIskSp¯p. \ho³ Pn³UÂ sUÂln sslt¡mSXnbnÂ s]mXpXmÂ]cylÀPn \ÂIn. tZiob]XmI XnIª BZcthmSpw _lpam\t¯mSpw IqSn DbÀ¯pI F¶Xv ]ucsâ AhImiamsW¶v At±lw hmZn¨p. tIkv kp{]ow tImSXnbnse¯n. C¡mcyw ]Tn¡m³ Hcp I½nänsb \ntbmKn¡m³ kp{]owtImSXn tI{µkÀ¡mcnt\mSmhiys¸«p. tI{µa{´nk` C´y³ ^vfmKv tImUnÂ amäw hcp¯n. 2002 P\phcn 26 apXÂ s]mXpP\§Ä¡v BWvSph«¯nse FÃm Znhkhpw tZiob ]XmI DbÀX¯m\pÅ AhImiw e`n¨p.
tZiob ]XmI {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xv ^vfmKv tImSv Hm^v C´ymbpsS \n_Ô\IÄ ]men¡Ww. ]XmI {]ZÀin¸n¡pt¼mÄ Xdbntem shÅ¯ntem kv]Àin¡m³ ]mSnÃ. taihncnbmtbm, {]XnaIÄ, ^eI§Ä apXembh s]mXnbmt\m ]XmI D]tbmKn¨pIqSm. 2005 hsc ]XmI hkv{Xamtbm bqWnt^mamtbm D]tbmKn¡m³ A\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ. 2005 Pqsse 5þ\v Cu \nbaw ]cnjvIcn¨v hkv{X¯n\pw bqWnt^man\pambn D]tbmKn¡m³ A\phmZw \ÂIn. F¶mÂ Acbv¡p apIfnepÅ hkv{X§Ä¡p am{Xta ]XmI D]tbmKn¡mhq.
]XmI {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xp kw_Ôn¨pw hyhØIfpWvSv. Xpd¶ Øe§fnÂ tZiob ]XmI DbÀt¯WvSXv kqtcymZb¯nemWv; Xmgvt¯WvSXv kqcymkvXab¯nepw. {]tXyI Ahkc§fnÂ s]mXphmb sI«nS§fpsS apIfnÂ cm{XnIme§fnepw ]XmI D]tbmKn¡m³ A\phmZapWvSv.
s]mXpkt½f\§fnÂ A[y£thZnbnÂ ]XmI {]ZÀin¸n¡pt¼mÄ ]ment¡WvS {IaapWvSv. thZnbpsS heXp hi¯mbncn¡Ww ]XmIbpsS Øm\w. AXmbXv ImWnIfpsS CSXphiamWv Cu Øew. ImcWw Cu Øew A[nImc¯nsâ {]XoIamWv. thZn Hgn¨pÅ Øe§fnÂ ]XmI Øm]n¡pIbmsW¦nÂ ImWnIfpsS heXphi¯mIWw ]XmIbpsS Øm\w.
]tcUnt\m dment¡m tZiob]XmI D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ Gähpw ap¼nemWv ]XmI D]tbmKnt¡WvSXv. aäp ]XmIIÄ DsWvS¦nÂ dmenbpsS heXphi¯mWv tZiob]XmIbpsS Øm\w.
tZiob]XmI hml\§fnÂ D]tbmKn¡m³ FÃmhÀ¡pw A\phmZanÃ. GXm\pw {]apJhyànIÄ¡pam{Xambn CXv \nPs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.
tZiob]XmI ]IpXn Xmgv¯ns¡«p¶ Ahkc§fpWvSv. tZiob Zp:JmNcW Ahkc§fnemWv C{]Imcw sN¿p¶Xv. ]IpXn Xmgv¯ns¡«pt¼mÄ ]XmI apIÄ hsc DbÀ¯nb tijw ]IpXn Xmgv¯n \ndp¯pIbmWp sNt¿WvSXv.
]«mf¡mÀ, ]mcmanenädn DtZymKØÀ apXembhcpsS ihkwkvImc¯n\v ihicochpw iha©hpw tZiob]XmIsImWvSv s]mXnbm³ A\phmZapWvSv. F¶mÂ ihicoct¯msSm¸w tZiob]XmI Zln¸n¡m³ ]mSnÃ.
tZiob]XmI DbÀ¯pItbm Xmgv¯pItbm sN¿pt¼mgpw ]tcUnsâ kab¯pw AhnsS k¶nlnXcmbn«pÅhscÃmw ]XmIbpsS `mKt¯¡p Xncnªv Aä³j\mbn \nÂ¡Ww. ]tcUp kab¯v ]XmI \o§ns¡mWvSncn¡pt¼mÄ FÃmhcpw Aä³j\mbn \nev¡pItbm A`nhmZ\aÀ¸n¡pItbm sN¿Ww. hninjvShyàn A`nhmZ\w kzoIcn¡Ww. Cu kab¯v Xe¸mhv D]tbmKn¡m³ ]mSnÃ.
tISp]mSp ]änbtXm apjnªtXm Bb tZiob]XmIIÄ BZc]qÀÆw DNnXambcoXnbnÂ am{Xta \in¸n¡mhq. km[mcW Zln¸n¨pIfbpIbmWv ]Xnhv. KwKm\ZnbnÂ ap¡n¡fbpItbm BZc]qÀÆw a®nÂ kwkvIcn¡pItbm sN¿mw.
kaqlPohnX¯nsâ `mKamWv ]XmIIÄ. AÀln¡p¶ Kuchw Chbv¡p \ÂtIWvSXmWv. tZiob]XmI tZiobXbpsS {]XoIamWv. AXpsImWvSv BZchpw _lpam\hpw tZiob]XmI AÀln¡p¶p. tZiob]XmIbv¡v hµ\w.