tIhew Ccp]¯ntbgp hÀjw \oWvS PohnXw; Gdnb ]¦pw tcmKi¿bnÂ! temI¯nsâ I®pIfneqsS t\m¡nbm H¶pw t\Sm\mImsX AaÀs¶mSp§nb PohnXw. CubnsS hnip²\mbn {]Jym]n¡s¸« {Sm¸nÌv k\ymkktlmZc³ hnip² dmt^ BÀs\bvkns\¡pdn¨v Npcp§nb hm¡pIfn C§s\ hntijn¸n¡mw. buh\a²y¯n¯s¶ Cu temI IqSmcw hn«v \nXyXbpsS A\´hnlmbÊnte¡v B ]pWymßmhv ]d¶pt]mbn. \izcamb temIt¯¡mfp]cn A\izc\mb ssZh¯n km£mXvImcw IsWvS¯n B sNdp¸¡mc³. tcmK{KkvXamb Hcp icocamWv Ah\pWvSmbncp¶sX¦nepw AXn\pÅn ssZhkvt\lw sImWvSp Pzen¡p¶ Hcmßmhv DWvSmbncp¶p. B Bßmhns\ ssZhsaSp¯pbÀ¯n C¶v temI¯n\p apgph\pw hninjym bphP\§Ä¡p amXrIbm¡nbncn¡p¶p.
kvs]bn\n _ÀtKmkv \Kc¯nepÅ Hcp k¼¶IpSpw_¯n 1911 G{]n 9þ\v acnb dmt^ F¶ dmt^ BÀs\bvkv `qPmX\mbn. D¯a It¯men¡m hnizmknIfmb amXm]nXm¡·mcpsS \mepa¡fn aq¯h\mbncp¶p dmt^Â. k¼¶XbpsS \Sphnepw Bgamb ssZh`ànbpw hnizmkhpw ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp Ipeo\ IpSpw_ambncp¶p AhcptSXv. Xsâ _meyw apXÂt¡ dmt^ ssZhnIImcy§fnepÅ B`napJy¯nsâ hyàamb kqN\IÄ \ÂInbncp¶p. Cutimk`m sshZnIÀ \S¯p¶ kvIqfnemWv dmt^ Xsâ hnZym`ymk¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv. ]T\¯n AXnkaÀ°\pw {]mb¯n Ihnª ]IzXbpw _p²niànbpw {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶h\pambncp¶p dmt^Â. \à kulrZ§sf F¶pw CjvSs¸«ncp¶ dmt^ khntijamwhn[w am\pjnIKpW§Ä \ndªh\pw Xpd¶ {]IrX¡mc\pw, ip`m]vXn hnizmknbpw Ffnabpw hn\bhpw \ndªh\pambncp¶p. Ghscbpw BIÀjn¡p¶ Bßobkv]ÀiapÅ hyànXz¯n\pSabmbncp¶p Ah³. sNdp¸w apX Xs¶ tcmK§Ä Ahsâ k´XklNmcnbmbncp¶p. XpSsc¯pSscbpÅ ]\nbpw izmkkw_Ôamb AkpJhpw aqew CSbv¡ph¨p ]T\w \ndp¯phm³ \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn. Hcn¡Â tcmKw t`Zambt¸mÄ amXmhnsâ a²yØXbmemWv tcmKkuJyw e`n¨sX¶ Dd¨ hnizmkt¯msS amXr`à\mbncp¶ Ahsâ ]nXmhv Ahs\ kdtKmkmbnte¡p sImWvSpt]mhpIbpw amXmhn\v kaÀ¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. dmt^epw Dd¨ amXr`à\mbncp¶p.
BbnSbv¡p dmt^ensâ IpSpw_w HhntbtZmbnte¡p Xmakw amdn. 1930þ Ah³ am{UnUn inev]imkv{X ]T\¯n {]thin¨p. C¡mebfhn Xsâ PohnXw ssZh¯n\p kaÀ¸n¡m\pÅ AS§m¯ A`nhmRvO Ah\n cqVaqeambn. hnhn[§fmb tcmK§Ä Ft¸mgpw Ahs\ Ae«ns¡mWvSncp¶p. kvIqÄ hnZym`ymkw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n, amsIzZmbnse {]`phpw Xsâ A¦nfpamb entbmt]mÄUnt\mSpw Bân acnbmtbmSpsam¸w BhnembnepÅ AhcpsS hkXnbn Hcp HgnhpImew sNehgn¡ms\¯nbXv dmt^ensâ PohnX¯n Hcp hgn¯ncnhmbn. AhcpambpÅ klhmkw Ah\nepWvSmbncp¶ BßobXsbbpw k\ymkm`napJys¯bpw H¶pIqSn tX¨pan\p¡n. entbmt]mÄUpw acnbmbpw km³ CkntZmtdm sZ Uyq\mknepÅ {Sm¸nÌv B{ia¯n Ahs\ sImWvSpt]mhpIbpw k\ymknIfpambn Ahs\ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. B{ia¯nse {]mÀ°\m]qÀÆamb A´co£hpw AXnsâ imeo\kuµcyhpw Ahs\ lTmZmIÀjn¨p. Ahsâ A´cmf§fn XpSsc¯pSscbpWvSmb ssZhmcq]nbpsS {]tNmZ\w Ahs\ B{ia¯nte¡p IqSpX ASp¸n¡pIbpw 1934þ k\ymkmÀ°nbmbn AhnsS {]thin¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Bßobm\µhpw ssZhkvt\lhpw sImWvSp \ndªp Xpfp¼p¶ Hcp lrZbsamgnsI asäm¶pw Ah\p kz´ambpWvSmbncp¶nÃ. tcmK]oUIÄ \nan¯apÅ \ncmiXsImtWvSm kl\§Ä sImWvSp aSp¯nt«m Bbncp¶nà Ah³ k\ymk¯nsâ ]mX ]pÂInbXv. ]ns¶tbm, \izctemIt¯mSpÅ hncànbpw Bgamb ssZhkvt\lhpw IpcnsiSp¯v Cutimsb A\pKan¡m\pÅ AZayamb B{KlhpamWv Ahs\ AXnte¡p \bn¨Xv.
IÃpw apÅpw \ndª bmX\IfpsS hgnbnÂ\n¶v kl\§fpsS ]mcayXbnte¡v, Xo¨qfbnte¡p ssZhw Ahs\ hgn \S¯pIbmbncp¶p. B{ia¯n {]thin¨v tIhew \mepamkw am{Xw ]n¶n«t¸mÄ Hcp {]tXyIKW¯nÂs¸« KpcpXcamb {]taltcmK¯n\v Ah³ ASns¸«p. £oWnX\mb dmt^ NnInÕmÀ°w Xsâ `h\¯nte¡p aS§nt¸mIm³ \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn. tcmK¯n\v Aev]w ia\apWvSmbt¸mÄ B{ia¯nte¡p aS§nsb¯nsb¦nepw 1935epw 1937epw tcmKw aqÀÑn¡pIbpw cWvSp{]mhiyhpw ]T\w\nÀ¯n `h\¯nte¡p t]mIm³ \nÀ_ÔnX\mhpIbpw sNbvXp. ITn\amb tcmK¯n\v Ahsâ icocs¯ am{Xta ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯phm³ km[n¡pambncp¶pÅq. ssZh¯n\mbn kaÀ¸n¡s¸« Ahsâ a\Êns\bpw lrZb¯ns\bpw XfÀ¯phm³ Hcp iàn¡pamIpambncp¶nÃ.
kvs]bn\n knhn bp²¯nsâ aqÀ²\yImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. bp²¯nsâ sISpXnIfpw AkzØXIfpw F§pw {]ISambncp¶p. dm t^ ssk\ytkh\¯n\mbn hnfn¡s¸s«¦nepw A\mtcmKyw \nan ¯w A[nImcnIÄ Ahs\ XncnsIbb¨p. B{ia¯n XncnsIsb¯nb dmt^ Hcp "H_vtfäv' Bbn, kaql¯n Gähpw Ahkm\s¯bmfmbn HXp§n¡qSn. temI¯nepÅ ZpÀ_etcmSpw Häs¸«htcmSpw ]mÀizhXvIcn¡s¸«htcmSpw Ah³ Bß\m ]¦ptNcpIbmbncp¶p. k\ymk{hX§Ä HutZymKnIambn kzoIcn¡m³ dmt^ Xo{hambn A`nejn¨ncps¶¦nepw tamiw BtcmKyØnXnbpÅhsc Im\³ \nbaw AXn\\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ.
Xo£vWambn apt¶m«p \o§nb B kl\kacw A´yt¯mSSp¡pIbmbncp¶p. tcmK¯nsâ AkzØXIÄ ZpxJaÃ, CutimtbmsSm¸w kln¡phm³ Ahkcw e`n¨Xnsâ B\µamWv Ah\p k½m\n¨Xv. ]cn]qÀ®amb BßkaÀ¸W¯nsâ ImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. kzbw iq\yamIensâ thfbmbncp¶p AXv. Ahkm\ \nanjhpw DcpInsbmen¨v CÃmXmbn¯oÀ¶v aäpÅhÀ¡v {]Imiw ]c¯p¶ Hcp sagpIpXncnt]mse, BImihoYnbnÂ\n¶v `qanbnte¡SÀ¶p hoWv a®n\p\\hp ]SÀ¯n AenªnÃmXmIp¶ Hcp sh¬ aªpIWw t]mse, B [\yPohnXhpw CltemIhmkw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n ssZh¯n hnebw {]m]n¨p. 1938 G{]n 26þ\v Ccp]t¯gp hÀjw am{Xw \oWvS B PohnXbm{X k\ymkm{ia¯nsâ \mep NpacpIÄ¡pÅn Ahkm\n¨Xv. B{iat¯mS\p_Ôn¨pÅ skant¯cnbn B ]pWytZlw kwkvIcn¨psh¦nepw `uXnImhinjvSw ]n¶oSv B{iatZhmeb¯nte¡p amän Øm]n¡pIbmWpWvSmbXv. Gsd¯maknbmsX Xs¶ B I_dnS¯n\p ap¶n sagpIpXncnIÄ I¯n¯pS§n. At\Iw t]À B ]pWyIpSoc¯n\p ap¼n h¶p {]mÀ°n¨v A\p{Kl§fpambn aS§n. At±l¯nsâ PohnXhnip²nbpsS ]cnafw B{ia`n¯nIsf t`Zn¨v ]pdt¯s¡mgpIpIbmbncp¶p. km³ CkntZmdnepÅ B I_dnSw Hcp XoÀ°mS\tI{µamIm³ A[nIw XmakapWvSmbnÃ. 1992 sk]väw_À 27þ\v tPm¬ t]mÄ cWvSma³ amÀ]m¸ At±ls¯ hmgv¯s¸«h\mbn {]Jym]n¡p¶ Ahkc¯n "\ncp]m[nIw ssZhhnfn¡p {]Xyp¯cw sImSp¯' bphk\ymknbmbn«mWv dmt^ens\ hntijn¸n¨Xv. 2009 HIvtSm_À 11þ\v _\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma³ amÀ]m¸ At±ls¯ hnip²\mbn \maIcWw sNbvXp.
hfsc sNdnb Hcp PohnXambncps¶¦nepw kntÌgvknb³ k`mssNX\yw ]qÀ®ambpw DÄs¡mWvSpÅ PohnXambncp¶p hnip² dmt^ BÀs\bvkntâXv. Bcw`w apX Ahkm\w hsc k¦oÀ®XIfpsSbpw sshcp²y§fpsSbpw Hcp ]c¼cbneqsSþ tcmK§Ä, bp²s¡SpXnIÄ, Gsd B{Kln¨n«pw k\ymk{hX§sfSp¡m³ km[n¡m¯ AhØ, kt´mjIcaÃmXncp¶ kaqlPohnXw F¶nhbneqsS B PohnXw IS¶pt]mbn. am\lm\nbpw Ahtlf\§fpw Häs¸Sp¯epIfpapWvSmbn. F¶mÂ, kvt\ln¡pI, Ahkm\w hsc kvt\ln¡pI, kvt\ln¡m\mbn Pohn¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ PohnXa{´w. Cutimsb, amXmhns\, Ipcnins\, Xsâ B{ias¯ Hs¡ At±lw Bgambn kvt\ln¨p. ssZhkvt\l¯m a¯p]nSn¨ Hcp a\pjymßmhmbncp¶p hnip² dmt^ BÀs\bvkv. 1989se temI bphP\Zn\¯n tPm¬t]mÄ cWvSma³ amÀ]m¸ hnip² dmt^ BÀs\bvkns\ bphP\§Ä¡p amXrIbmbn DbÀ¯n¡m«pIbpWvSmbn.
BtKmfhXvIcW¯nsâ io{LKXnbn ]mbp¶ B[p\nI bphXbv¡p Xpd¶phmbn¡m\pÅ Hcp ]pkvXIamWv hnip² dmt^ BÀs\bvknsâ PohnXw. bphXz¯nsâ DuÀÖhpw ssNX\yhpw ]mgm¡n¡fbm\pÅXÃ. `uXnIamb Imcy§Äam{Xw e£yw h¨p apt¶dpt¼mÄ \mw H¶pw t\Sp¶nÃ. PohnXbm YmÀ°y§Ä¡p ap¼n a\pjy³ \ncmi\mbn ImenSdn hogm³ ImcWanXmWv. \jvS§Ä¡pw XIÀ¨IÄ¡pw \Sphn ssZhkvt\lhpw ssZhnI]²Xnbpw ZÀin¡m³ km[n¨m F{X ]cnXm]Icamb AhØbnepw PohnXw BkzmZyamIpw.