temI¯nsâ AwKoImc¯n\pw {]ikvXn¡pw ssIbSn¡pw ]n¶mse ]c¡w ]mbp¶ B[p\nI a\pjy\v Hcp ]n³hnfnbmWv tacn Hm^v Z t{Imkv F¶ Po³ PpKmsâ hnip²]Zhn {]Jym]\w. Hcp a\pjyhyàn¡v F{Xam{Xw Ffnas¸Sm\pw sNdpXmIm\pw km[n¡pw F¶Xnsâ aIptSmZmlcWamWv hnip² Po³ PpKmsâ [\yPohnXw. bYmÀ°hnip²nbpsS AfhptIm FfnabmsW¶ Xncn¨dnhv AhÄs¡t¸mgpapWvSmbncp¶p. PohnXIme¯v AhKW\bpsSbpw XnckvIcW¯nsâbpw Ibv]p\oÀ cpNn¨ B ]pWyIpkpaw acWtijw Ime¯n\p ambv¡m\mhm¯hn[w Xnf¡amÀ¶ k`m\`Ên ]cnekn¡pIbmWv.
1792 HIvtSm_À 25þ\v {_n«WnepÅ Im³tIbn\n Hcp ]mhs¸« ap¡phsâ ]p{Xnbmbn«mWv P\\w. XnI¨pw Zcn{Zhpw ]cnXm]Ichpamb Npäp]mSnemWv AhÄ ]n¨h¨Xv. Po\n\v \mephbkpÅt¸mÄ ISen aÕy_Ô\¯n\pt]mb kvt\l[\\mb ]nXmhns\ F¶t¶¡pambn B IpSpw_¯n\p \jvSs¸«p. AtXmsS F«pa¡fpw A½bpaS§p¶ IpSpw_¯nsâ `mhn AÔImc¯nembn. Xsâ a¡sf hfÀ¯nhepXm¡m³ B A½ Gsd ]Wns¸tSWvSnh¶p. ImenIsf tabn¨pw Xp¶Â tPmenbnteÀs¸«psams¡ Po³ Xsâ A½sb klmbn¨p. _mey¯ne\p`hn¨ Zmcn{Zyhpw _p²nap«pIfpw kl\§fpsaÃmw `mhnbnepÅ AhfpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v DuÀÖt{kmXÊmbn F¶v \nkwibw ]dbmw. Xsâ A½bn \n¶v ssZh`ànbpw hnizmkhpsams¡ AhÄ IWvSp]Tn¡pIbpw kzmwioIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Imcyamb hnZym`ymkw t\Sp¶Xn\pÅ Ahkctam km[yXtbm AhÄ¡pWvSmbncp¶nÃ. PohnX bmYmÀ°y§fpsS kvIqfnemWv AhÄ A`ykn¨Xv F¶p ]dªm AXnitbmànbpWvSmhnÃ. km[mcWbÀ°¯n kuµcyhpw ]mSh§fpsam¶panÃmbncps¶¦nepw B´cnI kuµcyhpw Akm[mcWamb lrZbemfnXyhpw AhÄ¡p kz´ambncp¶p.
Iuamc{]mbsa¯nbt¸mÄ Po³ PpKm³ AhnsSbpÅ Hcp k¼¶ IpSpw_¯n ASp¡f tPmen¡mcnbmbn D]Poh\amÀ¤w tXSn. ]mh§tfmSpw {]mbambhtcmSpw AhÄ¡v Hcp {]tXyI aaXbpWvSmbncp¶p. km¼¯nI ]cm[o\XIÄ¡nSbnepw ]mh§sfbpw hr²scbpw tcmKnIsfbpw ip{iqjn¡pIbpw klmbn¡pIbpw sNbvXpt]m¶p. buh\¯nse¯nb Po\nt\mSv Hcp bphmhv hnhmlm`yÀ°\ \S¯nsb¦nepw Xsâ A´cmf§fn ssZh¯nsâ hnfn apg§p¶Xp Xncn¨dnª Po³ B A`yÀ°\ \nckn¨p. C\nbpw shfns¸Sm¯ GtXm Hcp {]tXyI ZuXy¯n\mbn ssZhw Xs¶ amän\nÀ¯nbncn¡p¶psh¶v Dd¨phnizkn¨ AhÄ {_lvaNcys¯ kt´mj]qÀÆw ]pÂIn. XmaknbmsX Xs¶ AhÄ skbnâv skhvcm³ F¶ kao] ]«W¯n Hcp BXpcmeb¯n tPmenbn {]thin¨p. AKXnIfpsSbpw bmNIcpsSbpsams¡ Ahkm\ A¯mWnbmbncp¶p AhÄ tPmen sNbvXncp¶ Øew. kz´w BtcmKyw t]mepw XrWhÂKWn¨psImWvSp aäpÅhsc ]cnNcn¡p¶Xn AhÄ B\µw IsWvS¯n.
kam\a\kvIcmb Nne kv{XoItfmSp tNÀ¶v Po³ AKXnIsf klmbn¡m\pw Ip«nIÄ¡p thtZm]tZiw \ÂIm\pw XpS§n. IqSpX {]mÀ°n¡phm\pw PohImcpWy{]hÀ¯\§fn apgpIphm\papÅ kuIcymÀ°w 1837þ Po\pw cWvSp kplr¯p¡fpw sXcpthmc¯pÅ cWvSpapdn A¸mÀ«vsaânte¡p Xmakw amän. ssZhnIImcy§fn Ft¸mgpw {i²mephmbncp¶p AhÄ. {^m³knse F®aä ]«nWn¸mh§fnepw htbmhr²cnepw AhÄ {InkvXphns\ ZÀin¨p. Bßmhn Xpfp¼n \n¶ncp¶ ssZhkvt\lw ]ckvt\lambn klPcnte¡p ]SÀs¶mgpIpIbmbncp¶p. Hcn¡Â, htbmhr²bpw AÔbpw BtcmcpanÃm¯hfpamb B³Nmhn F¶ Hcp hn[hsb Po³ ImWm\nSbmbn. AhcpsS ZpcnX]qÀ®amb AhØ IWvSp a\Êenªv, Xm§nsbSp¯v X§fpsS CSp§nb apdnbn sImWvSph¶p Xmakn¸n¨p ]cnNcn¨p. X\n¡p kz´ambn BsIbpWvSmbncp¶ InS¡ AhÀ¡p sImSp¯n«v Po³ X«n³ ]pd¯mWv Ignªp IqSnbXv. kz´w kuIcy§fpw kpc£nXXzhpw t]mepw A]ISs¸Sp¯ns¡mWvSp aäpÅhÀ¡pthWvSn Pohn¡m³ am{Xw F{Xtbm henb lrZbhnimeXbmWv B ]pWyh\nXbv¡v DWvSmbncp¶Xv. XmaknbmsX Xs¶ asämcp hr²sbbpw Po³ AhntS¡p Iq«ns¡mWvSph¶p. Po\pw klmbnIfpw Ahsc Xoänt¸mäm\pw ip{iqjn¡m\pambn ITn\ambn tPmen sNbvXp.
BbnSbv¡p X§fpsS CShIbn ]pXnb hnImcnbmbn F¯nb ^mZÀ AKtÌmse s]bvenbdpambn Po³ PpKm\pw kl{]hÀ¯Icpw X§fpsS PohImcpWy{]hÀ¯\§sf¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿pIbpw At±lw AhcpsS {]hÀ¯\§fn BIrjvS\mhpIbpw Xsâ ]qÀ® AwKoImchpw klIcWhpw \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp. XmaknbmsX Xs¶ IqSpX hr²scbpw AicWscbpw X§fpsS `h\¯n sImWvSph¶v AhÀ ip{iqjn¡m³ XpS§n. GItZiw aq¶phÀjw Ignªt¸mÄ B kaqlw Ipd¨pIqSn henb Hcp `h\¯nte¡p Xmakw amdn. ip{iqjIcpsSbpw ip{iqjn¡s¸Sp¶hcpsSbpw F®w \mÄ¡p\mÄ hÀ²n¨psImtWvSbncp¶p. ssZ\wZn\apÅ `£Wmhiy§Ä \ndthäm\pÅ km¼¯nI `{ZXt]mepw AhÀ¡pWvSmbncp¶nÃ. `n£mS\w Bcw`n¨psImWvSmWv Po³ PpKm³ AXns\mcp ]cnlmcw IWvSXv. X§fpsS ap¼n Icw\o«n bmNn¨p\n¡p¶ B km[p kv{Xosb kpa\ÊpIÄ HuZmcy]qÀÆw klmbns¨¦nepw Ht«sd Xnàm\p`h§fpw AhÄ¡pWvSmbn. NneÀ ]cpjhm¡pIÄ ]dªp; ASn¨p; XÅnbn«p; ]cnlkn¨p. F¦nepw XfcmsX Xsâ klPÀ¡pthWvSn AhÄ `n£mS\w XpSÀ¶p.
Hcn¡Â ep_v[n\p t]cptI« Hcp [\mVysâ ho«p]Sn¡Â h¶v AhÄ klmbw A`yÀ°n¨p. iq\yamb Ic§tfmSpIqSn¯s¶ AhÄ¡p aSt§WvSnh¶p. ]ntä¶v hoWvSpw AbmfpsS ho«p]Sn¡se¯n. ITn\ambn iImcn¨psImWvSv AbmÄ Ahsf ]pd¯m¡n. AhÄ ]p©ncnXqIns¡mWvSv ]dªp: ""Fsâ ]mh§Ä C¶se ]«nWnbmbncp¶p; C¶pw ]«nWnbmWv; \msfbpw ]«nWnbmbncn¡pw''. AhfpsS hm¡pIÄ GXp inemlrZbs\bpw Aenbn¡p¶Xmbncp¶p. Ahsf B«n¸mbn¡m³ Xp\nª AbmÄ A¶papX AhfpsS {]hÀ¯\§fn Hcp D]Imcnbmbn ]¦ptNÀ¶p.
B sNdp kaqlw hfÀ¶psImtWvSbncp¶p. 1842 Unkw_À 8þ\v BZy k\ymkn\nIÄ A\pkcWsa¶ {hXw kzoIcn¨psImWvSv "enän kntÌgvkv Hm^v Z ]qhÀ' F¶ k\ymkkaql¯n\v Bcw`ambn. Po³ PpKm³ aZÀkp¸ocnbdmbn sXcsªSp¡s¸«p. F¶m cWvSmgvN ]n¶n«t¸mÄ ^mZÀ AKtÌm s]bvenbÀ Hcp A{]Xo£nXtbmKw hnfn¨pIq«n Po\nsâ sXcsªSp¸v Akm[phm¡pIbpw tIhew 23 hbkv am{Xw {]mbapÅ acnb Psaäns\ XÂØm\¯v \nban¡pIbpw sNbvXp. XmaknbmsX AhcpsS kaqlw Xncpk`bnse Hcp AwKoIrX k\ymkkaqlambn DbÀ¯s¸SpIbpw ^m. s]bvenbÀ AXnsâ kp¸ocnbÀ P\d F¶ ]Zhn IcØam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Po³ PpKms\ At±lw Hm^oknte¡p hnfn¨phcp¯pIbpw ImcWsam¶pw IqSmsX hncan¡phm³ \nÀt±in¡pIbpw kplrZvheb§fpw `n£mS\hpw D]ImcnIfpambpÅ _Ô§fpsams¡ Dt]£n¡m³ Iev]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A[nImctam {]ikvXntbm B{Kln¡mXncp¶ Po³ sXÃpw i¦bnÃmsX At±l¯nsâ \nÀt±i§Ä¡p ]qÀ®ambpw Iogvhg§ns¡mWvSp {]mÀ°\bn IgnªpIqSn.
k\ymkkaql¯nsâ Øm]I³ Xm\msW¶p P\§sf [cn¸n¡p¶Xn ^m.s]bvenbÀ hnPbn¨p. k\ymkk`bnte¡p ]pXpXmbn IS¶ph¶ AÀ°n\nIÄ t]mepw CXp hnizkn¨psh¶p am{XaÃ, Cu kaql¯n\p cq]w sImSp¡pIbpw kzbw ad¶v A[zm\n¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv Xncioebv¡p ]n¶nte¡p XÅs¸SpIbpw sNbvX Po³ PpKms\¡pdn¨v Imcyamb Adnshm¶pw AhÀ¡pWvSmbncp¶panÃ. Ahkm\Ime¯v X\n¡p h¶p`hn¨ hnjaXIsf¡pdn¨pw A\oXntb¡pdn¨pw AhÄ¡v sXÃpw ]cn`htam ]cmXntbm DWvSmbncp¶nÃ. k`bpsS aZÀlukn [ym\hpw {]mÀ°\bpambn AhÄ IgnªpIqSn. AhnsS Po³ PpKm³, knÌÀ tacn Hm^v Z t{Imkv Bbn kzbw amdpIbmbncp¶p. CutimbpsS Ipcninte¡p AhÄXs¶¯s¯ ]Xn¸n¡pIbmbncp¶p. Ahkm\hÀj§fn AhfpsS ImgvNiàn\jvSs¸«p. "Ct¸mÄ F\n¡p ImWm\mhp¶Xv ssZhs¯ am{Xw' F¶mWv AhÄ ]dªncp¶Xv. 1879 HmKÌv 28þ\v 86þmw hbÊnÂ, ssZhkvt\lmánbm Fcnªncp¶ B ]pWyI\yI \nXyk½m\¯n\mbv bm{Xbmbn.
]n¡me¯v bYmÀ°hkvXpXIÄ ]pd¯phcnIbpw Po³ PpKm³ "enän kntÌgvkv Hm^v Z ]phÀ' k\ymkkaql¯nsâ HutZymKnI Øm]Ibmbn Adnbs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu ]pWyhXnbpsS ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶v C¶v 32 cmPy§fn 202 `h\§fnembn ]Xnaqhmbncw AKXnIsf 2700 k\ymkn\nIÄ kwc£n¨pt]mcp¶p.
Zcn{Zscbpw AKXnIsfbpw klmbn¡pI am{XaÃ, Po³ PpKm³ Ahcnsemcmfmbn¯ocpI Xs¶ sNbvXp. kvt\l¯n\pthWvSn Zmln¡p¶ lrZb§Ä F¶pw AhfpsSbpÅn Hcp t\mhmbn Ahtijn¨ncp¶p. lrZbemfnXyhpw hn\bhpw DÅ HcmÄ¡p am{Xta AKXnIfn {InkvXphns\ IWvSpap«phm³ km[n¡pIbpÅq. PohnXw apgph³ aäpÅhÀ¡pthWvSn AgnªnÃmXmIpIbpw ]n¶m¼pd§fnte¡p XÅnamäs¸SpIbpw ]n¶oSv ]pWytim`tbmsS temIw apgph³ ]ScpIbpw sNbvX hnip² Po³ PpKm³, s]m§¨hpw sI«pImgvNIfpw sImWvSp\ndª \½psS PohnX¯n Hcp ]p\ÀhnNn´\¯n\p {]tNmZ\amWv.