""tbiphnsâ hnfntI«v, kzImcyamb t\«§tfm IW¡pIq«epItfm \S¯msX, FÃmw AhnSpt¯¡mbn kaÀ¸n¨v Cd§n¯ncn¨hcmWv ]pXpXmbn hnip²cpsS KW¯nte¡p {]thin¨Xv. hnizmkkXy§sf apdpsI¸nSn¨v kphntij¯n\\pkcn¨p Pohn¨mWv AhÀ ]qÀ®Xbnse¯nbXv''. HIvtSm_À 11þ\v skâv]otägvkv _knen¡bn A©pt]sc hnip²cmbn {]Jym]n¡p¶ NS§nte¡v HgpInsb¯nb hnizmknkmKct¯mSp s_\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma³ amÀ]m¸ ]dª hm¡pIfmWnXv. hnip²cmb A©pt]cn Hcph\mb ^m.{^m³knkv sImÃn KznämÀ«ns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Cu hm¡pIÄ XnI¨pw A\zÀ°w Xs¶. AN©eamb hnizmkhpw {]Xymibpw lrZb¯n \nd¨v, ]ckvt\l¯nsâ Ickv]Àihpambn t{]jnX`qhnte¡nd§pIbpw acWw hsc FÃm AÀ°¯nepw Hcp sUman\n¡³ k\ymknbmbncn¡m³ Xo{hambn A`nejn¡pIbpw sNbvX {^m³kokv sImÃn KznämÀ«v hnip²nbpsS A\´hnlmbkn Hcp s]m³ \£{Xambn C¶p Xnf§p¶p.
1812 tabv 18þ\v kvs]bn\nepÅ t{Kmws_\nbnÂ, amXm]nXm¡·mcpsS ]¯pa¡fn Hcph\mbmWv {^m³koknsâ P\\w. sIm¨p{^m³kokn\v \mep hbÊmbt¸mįs¶ ]nXmhv ]oäÀ acWaSªp. _meyw apX ssZhm`napJy¯nepw hnizmk¯nepw `ànbnepw t{]jnXXo£vWXbnepw hfÀ¶ph¶ {^m³kokv sNdp{]mb¯n¯s¶ skan\mcn ]T\w Bcw`n¨p. 1822þ _mgvkntemWm {]hniybnse hn¨n cq]Xm skan\mcnbn tNÀ¶v e¯o\pw XXzimkv{Xhpw ]Tn¡phm\mcw`n¨t¸mÄ {^m³kokn\v ]¯phbkv am{Xta DWvSmbncp¶pÅp. skan\mcn ]T\Ime¯v km[mcW¡mcmb Ip«nIsf {Kmadpw thtZm]tZihpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw ]mh§sf klmbn¡pIbpw ip{iqjn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ¢cojy³ k`mØm]I\mb hnip² BâWn tacn ¢mcäns\ skan\mcn ]T\Ime¯v At±lw IWvSpap«pIbpw AhÀ Ccphcpw Däkplr¯p¡fmhpIbpw sNbvXp.
XXzimkv{X]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb {^m³kokv, Xsâ hnfn sUman\n¡³ k\ymknbmIm\msW¶p Xncn¨dnªv 1830þ sPtdmWbnepÅ B{ia¯n tNÀ¶p s\mhntjyän {]thin¨p. 1831þ {]Ya {hXhmKvZm\w \S¯pIbpw XpSÀ¶v ssZhimkv{X]T\w Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kl]mTnIÄs¡Ãmw D¯aamXrIbmbncp¶ {^m³koknsâ PohnX¯n khntijamwhn[w ssZhnIssNX\yw kv^pcn¨ncp¶p.
1835þ kv]m\njv Kh¬saâv k\ymkkaql§sf ASn¨aÀ¯pIbpw \ntcm[n¡pIbpw sNbvXXv {^m³koknsâ sshZnI]T\s¯bpw k\ymkPohnXs¯bpw A]IS¯nem¡n. k\ymknIÄ AhcpsS B{ia§fn \n¶p ]pd¯m¡s¸SpIbpw euInIPohnXw \bn¡m³ \nÀ_Ôn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. F¶m t\cs¯Xs¶ kÀÆmß\m ssZh¯n\mbn {]XnjvTn¡s¸«pIgnªncp¶ {^m³kokv Xsâ ssZhhnfn Dt]£n¡m³ X¿mdmbnÃ. B{iaPohnXw Dt]£n¡m³ \nÀ_Ôn¡s¸s«¦nepw Ahkm\ izmkw hsc Hcp sUman\n¡³ k\ymknbmbn Pohn¡m³ Xocpam\n¨psImWvSp ISp¯ shÃphnfnIsf A`napJoIcn¨v `bsat\y At±lw B{ia¯n¯s¶ IgnªpIqSn.
`uXnIXbpsS kpJioXfnatb¡mÄ k\ymk¯nsâ ]cp¡³ PohnXs¯bmWv At±lw CjvSs¸«Xv. Imäpw tImfpw \ndª PohnX kmlNcy§Ä¡nSbn 1936 amÀ¨v 28þ\v Hcp sshZnI\mIpI F¶ At±l¯nsâ NncImem`nemjw ]qhWnªp.
{^m³koknsâ sshZnIPohnXw ]«psa¯bmbncp¶nÃ. kaqlPohnXhpw klk\ymknIfpsS ]n´pWbpw \ntj[n¡s¸« At±lw {]XnkÔnIÄ¡pap¼n IogS§msX Xsâ hnfntbmSp ]cn]qÀ® hnizkvXX ]peÀ¯pIbpw FÃm AÀ°¯nepw Hcp k\ymknbmbn Pohn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 1939þ {^m³knepÅ BÂkn At±lw hnImcnbmbn \nban¡s¸«p. bp²w ]n¨n¨o´nb, A`bmÀ°nIfpsS \mSmbncp¶ BÂknepÅ At±l¯nsâ t{]jnX{]hÀ¯\w Bscbpw AZv`pXs¸Sp¯p¶ Xc¯nepÅXmbncp¶p. ]mhs¸« A`bmÀ°nIsf Xoänt¸mäm\pw ]p\c[nhkn¸n¡m\pw k¶²kwL§Ä cq]oIcn¡m\pw At±lw ap¶n«nd§n. ]¯phÀj¡mew {^m³kokv AhcpsSbnSbn PohImcpWy{]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯pIbpw kphntijw {]kwKn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
kphntijw {]kwKn¡pI F¶Xv Gähpw {][m\s¸« ZuXyambn At±lw IWvSp. XShdbn Ignbp¶htcmSpw hnizmknItfmSpw AhnizmknItfmSpw sshZnItcmSpw k\ymkn\nItfmSpw At±lw kphntijw {]kwKn¨p; tcmKnIsf kµÀin¨v Bizkn¸n¨p; Ip«nIÄ¡p hnizmk]cnioe\w \ÂIn. Xsâ FÃm {]kwK§fnepw ]cnip² I\yImadnbs¯¡pdn¨v ]dbpIbpw acnb`àn {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 1850þ hÀj§fmbn ]q«n¡nS¶ Hcp sUman\n¡³ B{iaw Xpd¡m³ At±l¯n\p km[n¨p. XpSÀ¶pÅ At±l¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v B B{iaw tI{µambn. 1854þ tImfd ]SÀ¶p ]nSn¨t¸mÄ tcmK_m[nXcpsS CSbn ssIbpw sa¿pw ad¶pÅ {^m³koknsâ {]hÀ¯\w Ahnizk\obambncp¶p.
At\IhÀjs¯ Xsâ {]mÀ°\bpsSbpw ]cnNn´\¯nsâbpw ^esat¶mWw 1856þ "sUman\n¡³ kntÌgvkv Hm^v Zn A\³kntbj³ Hm^v Zn »kvUv shÀPn³ tacn' F¶ t]cn h\nXIÄ¡mbn sUman\n¡³ k\ymkn\ok` At±lw Øm]n¨p. Ip«nIfpsS, {]tXyIn¨v s]¬Ip«nIfpsS hnZym`ymk¯n At±lw {]tXyIw {i²h¨p. klPohnIfpsS ip{iqjIcmIm\pw kphntijhmlIcmIm\pw k\ymkn\nIsf At±lw DZvt_m[n¸n¨p. k\ymkn\nIÄ kaqls¯ {]Imin¸n¡Wsa¶pw Xnf§p¶ \£{X§fmbn P\§sf ssZh¯nte¡p \bn¡Wsa¶pw k`tbmSp tNÀ¶p\n¶p t{]jnXZuXyw \nÀhln¡Wsa¶pw At±lw ]Tn¸n¨p.
1869 Unkw_À 2þmw XobXn _mgvkntemWmbnse kmsÃâv \Kc¯n kphntij{]tLmjWw \S¯p¶Xn\nsS At±l¯nsâ ImgvN\jvSs¸«p. hÀj§Ä \oWvS ITn\amb A[zm\w {^m³koknsâ BtcmKyw £bn¸n¨pIgnªncp¶p. F¦nepw hn{ian¡m³ XbmdmImXncp¶ B IÀ½tbmKn Xsâ {]hÀ¯\w XpSÀ¶psImWvSncp¶p. 1872þ Kh¬saâv k\ymk\ntcm[\ D¯chpIÄ ]n³hen¡pIbpw sUman\n¡³ k\ymknIÄ B{ia§fnte¡p Xncn¨ph¶p kaqlPohnXhpw t{]jnX{]hÀ¯\hpamcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. {^m³koknsâ AXphscbpÅ ITn\m[zm\w \nan¯w XncnsIh¶ k\ymknIÄ¡v XpSÀ¶pÅ {]hÀ¯\w Gsd Ffp¸ambncp¶p. 1875 G{]n 2þ\v, IÀ¯mhnsâ hnf`qanbn Ahn{iaw the sNbvX B ]pWymßmhv \nXyk½m\¯n\mbn ssZhk¶n[nbnte¡p bm{Xbmbn.
{^m³kokv Øm]n¨ sUman\n¡³ k\ymkn\n k` C¶v Bbnc¯ne[nIw AwK§fpambn bqtdm¸v, Atacn¡, B{^n¡, Gjy F¶nhS§fnseÃmw hnip² {^m³koknsâ ssNX\yapÄs¡mWvSp kphntijthe sN¿p¶p. 1979 G{]n 4þ\v tPm¬ t]mÄ cWvSma³ amÀ]m¸ {^m³kokns\ hmgv¯s¸«h³ F¶p {]Jym]n¡pIbpw 2009 HIvtSm_À 11þ\v _\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma³ amÀ]m¸bm hnip²\mbn \maIcWw sN¿s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. At±l¯nsâ acWZn\amb G{]n cWvSv Xncp\mÄZn\ambn BNcn¡s¸Sp¶p.
kmaqlnI Npäp]mSpIÄ {]XnIqeambncn¡pt¼mgpw Hcp bYmÀ°k\ymkn¡p k\ymk¯nsâ ]qÀ®Xbn Pohn¡m\mIpsa¶v At±l¯nsâ PohnXw \ap¡p ImWn¨pXcp¶p. {]Xn_ԧġpw shÃphnfnIÄ¡pw ]oU\§Ä¡pw \Sphn ssZhs¯ tkhn¡m\pw kphntijw {]tLmjn¡m\pw F§s\ km[n¡psa¶pÅ tNmZy¯n\v B[p\nItemI¯n\pÅ D¯camWv hnip² {^m³kokv sImÃn KznämÀ«nsâ [\yPohnXw.