""ssZh¯n\pw ssZhP\¯n\pambn kzbw kaÀ¸n¨, kvt\lhpw hnizkvXXbpw \ndª BtKmfk`bnse Xnf§p¶ amXrI''þ 2009 HIvtSm_À 11þmw XobXn BÀ¨p_nj]v knÜWvSv skkv\n s^en³kvInsb hnip²\mbn \maIcWw sN¿p¶ NS§n\nsS ]cnip² ]nXmhv _\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma³ At±ls¯¡pdn¨p ]dª hm¡pIfmWnh. P·\mSnsâ sFIyhpw AJÞXbpw kphntij¯nsâ shfn¨¯n Im¯pkwc£n¡m³ ]cn{ian¨h³, ]utcmlnXykaÀ¸W¯nsâ A\izcamXrI, {]hmknbmbn t{]jnX{]hÀ¯\w \S¯nb CSb³ F¶n§s\ At±l¯n\p sImSp¡mhp¶ hntijW§Ä \nch[nbmWv.
1822 \hw_À 1þmw XobXn shmfo\nbmbnse thmbvSn\n (C¶s¯ Dss{I\nÂ) sPcmÀZv s^en³kvInbpsSbpw Chm sh³tUm^nsâbpw Zm¼XyhÃcnbn Bdpa¡fn aq¶ma\mbn knÜWvSv `qPmX\mbn. knKvaWvSn\v 11 hbÊpÅt¸mÄ ]nXmhv acWaSªp. tZikvt\lapÅ Hcp t]mfojv IpSpw_ambncp¶p AhcptSXv. t]mfWvSn\v AXnsâ ]cam[nImchpw kzmX{´yhpw \jvSs¸«v djy³ B[n]Xy¯n Ignbp¶ Imew. tZikvt\lt{]cnXamb {]hr¯nIÄ aqew 1838  djy³ `cWm[nImcnIÄ knKvaWvSnsâ amXmhns\ AdÌpsN¿pIbpw ssk_ocnbmbnte¡p \mSpIS¯pIbpw sNbvXp. ]mhs¸« IÀjIcpsS kmaqlnIþkm¼¯nI]Ým¯ew sa¨s¸Sp¯m\pÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p Np¡m³ ]nSn¨XmWv AhcpsS \mSpIS¯en Ahkm\n¨Xv.
sNdp¸wapXÂXs¶ knKvaWvSv ]T\¯n anSp¡\mbncp¶p. sslkvIqÄ hnZym`ymkw ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXn\ptijw 1840 apX 1844 hsc tamkvtIm bqWnthgvknänbn KWnXimkv{Xw ]Tn¨p. 1847  {^©v kmlnXyw ]Tn¡phm³ At±lw ]mcoknte¡p t]mbn. 1851þ t]mfWvSnte¡p XncnsIt¸mcpIbpw kntämanbÀkv cq]Xm skan\mcnbn tNÀ¶v sshZnI]T\amcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. sNdp¸w apXte Hcp Dd¨ tZikvt\lnbpw amXrcmPy¯n\pthWvSn F´p XymKhpw kln¡m³ k¶²\pambncp¶p knKvaWvSv. {]mb]qÀ¯nbmbt¸mÄ Xsâ PohnXw ssZh¯n\p kaÀ¸n¡phm³ hnfn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶psh¶v Ah³ a\Ênem¡n. Htckabw tZim`nam\nbpw AXnep]cn k`mkvt\lnbpambncp¶p knKv aWvSv. skâv ]otägvkv _ÀKn Im¯enIv A¡mZanbn ]T\w XpSÀ¶ At±lw 1855 sk]väw_À 8þmw XobXn ]ptcmlnX\mbn A`njnà\mbn. skâv ]otägvkv _ÀKnse skâv ImXdo³ Hm^v knsb¶m CShIbnse CSb\mbn At±lw XpSÀ¶v \nbanX\mbn. Xmgv¶ ]cntXmhØIfnepÅhsc ssIbb¨p klmbn¡p¶Xn\pw ]tcm]Imc{]hr¯nIÄ sN¿p¶Xn\pw At±lw _²{i²\mbncp¶p. 1856þ ""dn¡hdn t^mÀ Z ]qhÀ'' F¶ t]cn Hcp tkh\kwLS\bv¡v At±lw cq]wsImSp¯p. 1857þ \nc´camb B´cnIt{]cWbpsS ^esat¶mWw ""{^m³knkvI³ kntÌgvkv Hm^v Zn ^manen Hm^v tacn'' F¶ k\ymkk`bv¡v At±lw ASnØm\an«p.
1862þ ]bkv H¼Xma³ amÀ]m¸m At±ls¯ hmgvtkmbnse BÀ¨p_nj¸mbn \nban¨p. cmPys¯ AXy´w {]£p_v[amb Hcp ImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. t]mfWvSpw djybpw X½nepÅ i{XpX hÀ²n¨Xnsâ ^eambn FÃm It¯men¡m¸ÅnIfpw AS¨p]q«n. djy³ ssk\yw Aip²am¡nb I¯o{U tZhmebw At±lw ]p\:{]XnjvTn¡pIbpw ASªpInS¶ncp¶ FÃm tZhmeb§fpw ss[cyktaXw Xpd¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Kh¬saânsâ iàamb FXnÀ¸pIÄ¡nSbnepw P\§sf hnizmk¯n Dd¸n¡pIbpw ]cnioen¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶ Xsâ ZuXyw At±lw ad¨ph¨nÃ. Xsâ cq]Xbnse CShIIfpw [À½Øm]\§fpw IqsS¡qsS kµÀin¡pIbpw AhcpsS Bhiy§fdnªv {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. cq]Xbnse sshZnIcpsS Bßobhpw _u²nIhpamb D¶a\¯n\pw hfÀ¨bv¡papÅ t{]cIiànbmbn At±lw hÀ¯n¨p. XShn Ignbp¶ sshZnIsc tamNn¸n¡phm³ bXv\n¡pIbpw kphntijw ]ckyambn {]tLmjn¡m³ AhtcmSv Blzm\w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. kvIqfpIÄ Øm]n¨v hnizmkhpw kXykÔXbpw [mÀ½nIXbpapÅ Hcp ]pXnb Xeapdsb hmÀs¯Sp¡phm³ At±lw sshZnItcmSmhiys¸«p. ]mh§fpsS Imcy¯n At±l¯n\v {]tXyI {i²bpWvSmbncp¶p. At\Iw t]sc \ncmiXbn \n¶pw A\yhXvIcW¯nÂ\n¶pw At±lw ssI]nSn¨pbÀ¯n. sXmgnemfnIÄ¡pw IÀjIÀ¡pwthWvSn ]²XnIÄ BhnjvIcn¨v \S¸m¡p¶Xn At±lw thWvS{X {i²n¨p.
1863 se "P\phcn hn¹hw' djy³ Kh¬saâv {Iqcambn ASn¨aÀ¯nbXn {]Xntj[n¨v tÌäv Iu¬knen \n¶v At±lw cmPn hbv¡pIbpw A{Ia¯n\v HcdpXn hcp¯m³ Bhiys¸«psImWvSv AeIvkmWvSÀ cWvSma³ N{IhÀ¯n¡p Is¯gpXpIbpw sNbvXp. cmPy¯p \SamSp¶ AXn{Ia§Ä¡pw A\oXn¡psaXntc iàamb \ne]msSSp¯Xnsâ ^eambn, sa{Xm\mbn tIhew 16 amkw ]n¶n«t¸mÄ At±lw ssk_ocnbmbnepÅ PtdmÉmhnte¡v \mSpIS¯s¸«p. XpSÀ¶pÅ 20 hÀjw At±lw AhnsSbmWp sNehgn¨Xv. AhnsSbpw \njv{Inb\mbncn¡phm³ At±l¯n\p km[n¡pambncp¶nÃ. ssZhkvt\l¯m FcnªpsImWvSncn¡p¶ Bßmhn\v Pzen¡mXncn¡m\mhnÃsÃm. {]hmk¯n Ignbpt¼mgpw AhnsSbpÅ It¯men¡cpsSbpw {]hmknIfpsSbpw Bhiy§Ä \ndthäns¡mSp¡m³ At±lw AXohXÂ]c\mbncp¶p. AhnsS At±lw PohImcpWy{]hÀ¯\§fn apgpIn. hnhn[ tZi¡mcmb hnizmknIÄ¡pthWvSn kmlk]qÀÆw AhnsS Hcp tZhmebw At±lw Øm]n¨p F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ Bßm¡Ä¡pthWvSnbpÅ At±l¯nsâ Xo£vWX F{Xam{Xambncp¶p F¶v \ap¡v Duln¡masÃm. At±l¯nsâ PohnXhnip²nbpw ssZhnIssNX\yhpw IWvSv AhnsSbpÅ P\§Ä At±ls¯ BZc]qÀÆw "hnip²\mb t]mfojv _nj¸v' F¶mWp hnfn¨ncp¶Xv.
]cnip²knwlmk\¯nsâ CSs]S hgn 1883þ At±lw kzX{´\m¡s¸«psh¦nepw hmÀtkmbnte¡p aS§nt¸mIm³ A\phZn¡s¸«nÃ. setbm 13þma³ amÀ]m¸m At±ls¯ XmÀkqknte¡p \nba\w \ÂIn Ab¨p. knKvaWvSv Xsâ PohnX¯nsâ Ahkm\]{´WvSp hÀjw Dt{I\nb³þt]mfojv IÀjItcmsSm¸w ]Snªmd³ Dss{I\n IgnªpIqSn. hnIk\sa¯nt\m¡mXncp¶ B {Kma{]tZi¯v At±lw Hcp kvIqfpw InâÀKmÀ«\pw Bcw`n¨p. Hcp ssZhmebhpw AKXnaµnchpw aThpw AhnsS ]Wn Ign¸n¨p. HgnhpthfIfn ]pkvXIcN\ bnepw apgpInbncp¶p At±lw. 1895 sk]väw_À 17þmw XobXn Ahn{iaw IÀ½\ncX\mbncp¶ B BßobtXPkv Xsâ ]pWyPohnX¯nsâ kvacWIÄ Cu temI¯n Ahtijn¸n¨psImWvSv ssZhk¶n[nbnte¡p bm{Xbmbn. {Imt¡mhn kwkvIcn¡s¸« At±l¯nsâ `uXnImhinjvSw 1895  kvhn\nbmIvkmbnte¡pw 1921 G{]n 14þ\v t]mfWvSnse hmÀtkmbnse skâv tPm¬ I¯o{Uente¡pw amän Øm]n¨p. 2001  [\ys\¶pw 2002þ hmgv¯s¸«hs\¶pw t]cp hnfn¡s¸« At±lw 2009 HIvtSm_À 11þ\v hnip²\mbn \maIcWw sN¿s¸«p.
hn. knKvaWvSv s^en³kvIn Øm]n¨ {^m³knkvI³ kntÌgvkv Hm^v Zn ^manen Hm^v tacn F¶ k\ymkkaqlw C¶v 1300 k\ymkn\nIfpw 143 kaql§fpambn hfÀ¶pIgnªncn¡p¶p. hnZym`ymkw, BXpcip{iqj, kmaqlnItkh\w, Ip«nIÄ, hr²À, hnIemwKÀ F¶nhÀ¡pÅ `h\§Ä XpS§nbhsbms¡ Cu k\ymkkaql¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\aÞe§fmWv. cmPy¯nsâ [mÀ½nI\hoIcW¯n\pw D¶a\¯n\pwthWvSn ssZhhN\hmlIcmIphm³ At±lw k\ymknItfmSmhiys¸«p.
XnIª Hcp k`mkvt\lnbpw amXr`à\pambncp¶p hn. knKvaWvSv s^en³kvIn. ssZhlnXsa´mbmepw AXp kt´mjt¯msSbpw kl\§sf im´XtbmsSbpw kzoIcn¨p At±lw. ]mh§sf kvt\ln¡pIbpw PohnXemfnXyhpw Ffnabpw sImWvSv AhtcmSv At±lw kzbw XmZmßys¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. hnizmkXo£vWXbpw t{]jnXssNX\yhpw aµo`hn¡pt¼mÄ, PohnXImew apgph³ Hcp Xo¸´ambn Fcnª hn. knKvaWvSv s^en³kvIn \ap¡v amÀ¤Zo]amIs«.