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\½psS ]{X§Ä¡pw Nm\epIÄ¡pw F´mWv kw`hn¡p¶Xv? C{Xtbsd ]gn tIÄ¡¯¡hn[w F´]cm[amWv Cu kaqlt¯mSv AhÀ sNbvXpsImWvSncn¡p¶Xv? sacp¡m³ IgnªnsÃ¦nÂ H¶p hnc«pIsb¦nepw thWsa¶v \mSphmgnIÄ Øncambn ]dbpt¼mÄ am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v Hcp hoWvSphnNmcw BhiyamtWm?
GsX¦nepw cmjv{Sob]£w tNÀ¶psImWvSv D¯cw IsWvS¯mhp¶ {]iv\aÃ \½psS ap¶nepÅXv. ]uckzmX{´ys¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶ hn«phogvNbnÃm¯ \ne]mSns³d ASnØm\¯nemWv Cu hnjbs¯ kao]nt¡WvSXv.
tIcf¯nse CSXp]£hpw CSXp]£ kÀ¡mcpw tNÀ¶v am[ya{]hÀ¯Isc lnwkn¡ms\mcp§p¶p F¶ [mcW hym]Iambn {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp¶pWvSpv. AXv icnbmsW¶p IcpXn A¸pds¯¯nbmÂ A¸pd¯pÅhÀ kwc£n¨psImÅpw F¶ Dd¸v Ncn{Xw \ÂIp¶nÃ. ]{X§Ä¡v s]cpamä¨«w DWvSm¡m³ {ian¨v ]cmPbs¸« Cµnc KmÔn ASnb´cmhØbnÂ {]m_ey¯nem¡nb sk³kÀjn¸pw cmPohv KmÔnbpsS ]mfnt¸mb ]{XamcW ]cn{ia§fpw \ap¡v ad¡mdmbn«nÃ. {]Xn]£¯ncn¡pt¼mÄ FÃmhcpw \ÃhcmWv. A[nImc¯ns³d ioXfÑmbbnemWv AhÀ¡v kzct`Zw kw`hn¡p¶Xv.
AXpsImWvSv Bscbpw B{ibn¡mXncn¡pIsb¶XmWv am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v IcWobamb amÀKw. BZna{InkvXym\nIfpsS ]oUm\p`hs¯ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ bmX\IfneqsSbmWv ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nse XYmKX·mÀ IS¶pt]mbn«pÅXv. 1688se hn]vfhs¯ {]IoÀ¯n¨v eLpteJsbgpXnb tPm¬ ssSz\ns\ AXn{Iqcamb ]oU\§Äs¡mSphnÂ sh«napdn¨v XobnsednªpsImÃpIbmbncp¶p. A§s\Xs¶bmWv ]{X{]hÀ¯Isc ssIImcyw sNt¿sX¶v IcpXp¶hÀ C¶papWvSv. Kp«³_ÀKn\pap¼pw ØnXn CXpXs¶bmbncp¶p. Adnhv P\§Ä¡p \ntj[n¡Wsa¶Xv ssZh§fpsSbpw Bhiyambncp¶p. AXpsImWvSmWv s{]manXyqkns³d IYbpWvSmbXv. s{]manXyqkns³d Xo¸menIbnÂ\n¶v NpcWvSnsbSp¯ Icn I®ocnÂ Nmens¨Sp¯ ajnbnemWv ]{X§Ä A¨Sn¡p¶Xv. AXnÂ hoW tNmc¯pÅnIfmWv ]{X§Ä¡p s]mena \ÂIp¶Xv.
A\`naXcmbhsc tXtPmh[w sN¿p¶psh¶XmWv am[ya§Äs¡XnscbpÅ {][m\s¸« Bt£]w. Bscbpw hnaÀin¡m³ aSnbnÃm¯ am[ya§Ä Ahbvs¡XnscbpÅ hnaÀi\s¯ klnjvWpXtbmsS ImWp¶nÃ. tIcf¯nÂ CSXp]£¯ns\Xnsc B{IaW¯ns³d ]oc¦n Xncn¨ph¨ncn¡p¶psh¶mWv ]nWdmbn hnPbs³d Btcm]Ww. tIcf¯nÂ am{XaÃ _wKmfnepw CXpXs¶ ØnXnsb¶v {]Imiv Imcm«v Iq«nt¨À¡p¶p. Cu Bt£]w A{X ]pXnbXÃ. C´ybnse BZys¯ ]{X¯ns\Xntc hmd³ tlkvänMvkns³d Bt£]hpw CXpXs¶bmbncp¶p. ]{X¯ns³d Bbpkv 26 amkambncp¶p. AXnÂ ]Xn\mdp amkhpw ]{Xm[n]À Pbnenembncp¶p.
`cn¡p¶hcpsS FXnÀ]£¯p \nÂ¡pIsb¶XmWv ln¡nbpsS Imew apXtebpÅ am[ya ]mc¼cyw. tIm¬{Kkns³d kÀhm[n]Xyt¯msS Bcw`n¨ \½psS ]mÀesaâdn k{¼Zmb¯nÂ bYmÀ° {]Xn]£ambn {]hÀ¯n¨Xv ]{X§fmbncp¶p. C¶v ]nWdmbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ ITn\amb `mjbnÂ A¶v tIm¬{KkpImÀ ]{X§sf Bt£]n¨n«pWvSv. hn sI IrjvW tat\m³ B{IaW¯ns³d ap³\ncbnepmbncp¶p. tKmb¦bmbncp¶p At±l¯ns³d {][m\ Cc.
_bWäpw t]\bpw X½nÂ Gäpap«nbmÂ Pbw _bWän\mhnÃ F¶ Xncn¨dnhv s\t¸mfnb\pWvSmbncp¶p. ]{X§fpsS kwbpàamb B{IaW¯nÂ \nIvk\v sshäv lukv hntSWvSnh¶p. CXn\À°w B{Ian¡s¸Sp¶hÀ \nklmbcmsW¶Ã. {]Xym{IaW¯n\v km[yXbpWvSv. i{Xphns³d AtX amÀKw D]tbmKn¨v {]Xym{IaWw \S¯pIsb¶XmWv se\n\nkväv am[yaXXzw. tkmhnbäv hn]vfhs¯ ]cnlkn¡p¶ Atacn¡³ kn\naIÄ¡pÅ adp]Snbmbncp¶p se\n³ \nÀt±in¨X\pkcn¨v \nÀan¨ _mänÂjn]v s]ms«wIn³. temIkn\nabpsS Ncn{X¯nÂ sFk³kväo\ns³d Cu Nn{X¯n\v C¶pw CSapWvSv.
]{Xs¯ ]{Xw sImWvSpw Nm\ens\ Nm\Â sImWvSpw {]Xntcm[n¡m³ FÃmhÀ¡pw FÃmbvt]mgpw IgnbnÃ. AhÀ¡v Iq«mbn \nbaapWvSv. t]cptZmjw DWvSmIpt¼mgpw kzImcyXbnte¡v IS¶pIbäw DWvSmIpt¼mgpw tImSXnsb kao]n¡mw. ]{X§Ä¡v {]kv Iu¬knÂ F¶ dKpteädn kwhn[m\apWvSv. sSenhnj\pw A{]Imcw HtcÀ¸mSv DWvSm¡p¶Xns\¡pdn¨v BtemN\ \S¡p¶p.
t^mÀ¯v Fkvtääns\¡pdn¨v dnbÂ Fkvtääv DÄs¸sS FÃm FkvtääpIÄ¡pw Bt£]apWvSv. cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIfpw s]mXp{]hÀ¯Icpw am[ya§fpsS lnäv enkvänÂ H¶mw Øm\¯mWv. `cWIqShpambn sam¯¯nepw ]mÀesa³dpw PpUojydnbpambn shtÆsdbpw am[ya§Ä kwLÀj¯nemWv. kwLÀjw eLqIcn¡p¶Xn\mWv BtcmKyapÅ P\m[n]Xykwhn[m\¯nÂ ]cn{iaw \S¡p¶Xv. ]mÀesa³dns³d hntijmhImi§fpsS hym]vXn ]cnanXs¸Sp¯pIbpw tImSXnbe£y¯ns³d ImTn\yw Ipdbv¡pIbpw hnhce`yX A\mbmkam¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv Cu Dt±iyt¯msSbmWv. am[yakzmX{´y¯ns³d ]cn[n hÀ²n¡pt¼mÄ kzmX{´y¯n\v ]cnanXnbpsWvS¶v am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ Adnªncn¡Ww. kzmX{´y¯ns³d tXmXv hÀ²n¡pt¼mÄ D¯chmZnXz¯ns³d tXmXpw hÀ²n¡p¶p.
ASbmfs¸Sp¯nb {Sm¡v sXäntbmSp¶psh¶XmWv am[ya§Äs¡XnscbpÅ KpcpXcamb Btcm]Ww. FhnsSbpw kam´c{]hÀ¯\¯nemWv AhÀ¡v XmXv]cyw. \oXn\nÀhlWsa¶Xv `cWIqS¯ns³d NpaXebmWv. AXv \¶mbn \S¡p¶ptWvSm F¶ Imcyw am[ya§Ä¡p ]cntim[n¡mw. AXn\p ]Icw kam´chnNmcWbmWv am[ya§Ä \S¯p¶Xv.
ss{Iw dnt¸mÀ«nMv F¶Xv tIcf¯nÂ hnIknXamb imJbÃ. s]meokpImÀ Adnbn¡p¶Xv AhcpsS t]cpIqSn tNÀ¯p sImSp¯mÂ ss{Iw hmÀ¯bmbn. Hcp Xcw Fw_ÍUv PÀWenkw. A`b tIknepw emhen³ tIknepw AXmWv IWvSXv. kn_nsF ]dªsXt´m AX¸msS am[ya§Ä hnizkn¨p. tNmZytam At\zjWtam DWvSmbnÃ. kwib§Ä DWvSmbnÃ. kn_nsF AhcpsS XmXv]cy§Ä¡\ptbmPyambn am[ya§sf {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. GähpsamSphnÂ, \mÀtIm ]cntim[\bpsS Zriy§fpw {]XnIfpsS Ipäk½Xhpw Nm\epIÄ kwt{]jWw sNbvXXv kn_nsFbpsS H¯mitbmsSbmsW¶v hmÀ¯IfnÂ\n¶pXs¶ hyàambn. A]am\Icamb Zriy§fpsS kwt{]jW¯neqsS {]XnIfpsS kzImcyXbv¡v kw`hn¡p¶ £Xs¯¡pdn¨v Bcpw BtemNn¨nÃ. {]XnIfpsS AhImi§fpw kwc£n¡s¸Sm\pÅXmWv. AXmWv \½psS {Inan\Â \nbahyhØbv¡v am\hnIXbpsS kuµcyw \ÂIp¶Xv. A¡mcysaÃmw ad¶psImWvSv, C\nsb´n\p hnNmcW, \ap¡v in£ hn[n¡mw F¶ a«nemWv Nm\Â NÀ¨IfnÂ ]s¦Sp¯ A`n`mjIÀt]mepw kzoIcn¨ \ne]mSv. CXmWv kam´c hnNmcWbpsS A]ISw. Ahs\ {Iqin¡pIsb¶v BÀ¸phnfn¡m³ BÄ¡q«s¯ am[ya§Ä kÖcm¡pt¼mÄ \oXnt_m[apÅ \ymbm[n]³t]mepw \nklmb\mbn¯ocpw.
emhen\nepw A`bbnepw kzoIcn¨ \ne]mSÃ ap¯qäv h[t¡knÂ am[ya§Ä kzoIcn¨Xv. s]mSp¶s\ AhÀ kwibmep¡fmbn. s]meokns\ AhÀ hnizkn¡mXmbn. A{X hnizk\obaÃm¯ Hcp IY BZyta s]meokv AhXcn¸n¨Xpw AXn\p ImcWambn«pWvSmImw. ]WvSs¯ Nmt¡m h[w t]mse ]Åm¯pcp¯nbnse {]XnIfpw kpIpamc¡pdp¸pamcmbn Xntcm[m\w sN¿mXncn¡m³ am[ya§fpsS Pm{KX klmbIambn«pWvSv. At\zjW¯nse ]mfn¨Ifpw t]mcmbvaIfpw Nqn¡mWn¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw tIkns\ cmjv{SobhÂIcn¡m\mWv am[ya§fpsS At\zjWmßIX klmbIambXv. cmjv{SobhÂIrX tIcf¯nÂ GsX¦nepw hn[¯nepÅ cmjv{Sobm`napJyw CÃm¯hsc ImWm³ {]bmkamWv. sImebpsS NpcpÄ Agn¡pIbmsW¶ hymtP\ \S¯nb Ncn{Xmt\zjWw am[ya§fpsS ]£]mXnXzs¯bmWv shfns¸Sp¯nbXv.
temIs¯hnsSbpw FÃm¡mcy§fnepw am[ya§fpsS kPohamb CSs]SepWvSv. Pko¡ emepw Bcpjnbpw kao]Ime kw`h§fmWv. t]mcmbvaIÄ \ne\nÂs¡¯s¶ Cu am[ya§fÃmsX BcmWv kaql¯n\pthWvSn CSs]Sm\pÅXv? CdmJnse Fw_ÍUv ]{X{]hÀ¯\s¯ \½Ä kwibt¯msS IWvSXv am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ ]«mf¯ns³d tIs«gp¯pImÀ BIcpsX¶ XXz¯ns³d ASnØm\¯nemWv. cWvSmw temIalmbp²ambncp¶p ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nse hk´Imew. A¶pw ]«mf¯ns\m¸ambncp¶p ]{X{]hÀ¯IcpsS \o¡w. ]t£ AhÀ tIs«gp¯pImÀ Bbncp¶nÃ. AXpsImWvSv {]kn²cmb ]S\mbIÀs¡m¸w {]kn²cmb bp²teJIcpapWvSmbn. hnbäv\manÂ\n¶v Atacn¡³ ]{X§fpw Nm\epIfpw ]pd¯phn« hmÀ¯Ifpw Zriy§fpamWv Atacn¡bpsS ]n·mä¯n\p ImcWambXv. hmÄ«À t{Imss¦äv ssIhn«mÂ ]nSn¨p\nÂ¡m\mhnsÃ¶v {]knU³dv tPm¬kWv ]dtbWvSnh¶p. A_p Lco_pw tKmWvS\mtambpw Atacn¡³ a\knse AaÀjambn amdnbXv am[ya§fpsS CSs]SÂ \nan¯amWv. B AaÀjambncp¶p H_mabpsS hnPbw Dd¸m¡nb LSI§fnsem¶v.
am[ya§Ä kw`h§fpsS km£nIfpw Ncn{X¯ns³d IcsSgp¯pImcpamWv. AXn\hÀ AhcptSXmb ]mXbneqsS k©cn¡Ww. k©cn¡p¶ ]mX Nnet¸mÄ H¶pXs¶bmImw. IsWvS¯p¶ kXyhpw H¶mImw. AXpsImWvSpam{Xw \mw kwibmep¡fmtIWvSXnÃ. GXt\zjW¯n\pw NneÀ¡v Hcp NmcpItkc aXn. UnPnäÂ bpK¯nse NmcpItkcbmWv SznäÀ. kmlknIamb kXymt\zjW¯n\p ]Icw SznäÀ PÀWenk¯nte¡v XncnbWsa¶mWv am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v e`n¡p¶ D]tZi¯ns³d kmcw. A¯cw tIs«gp¯pw IsWvSgp¯pw P\m[n]Xy]caÃ. A¸kvtXmecnÂ \mep t]À teJIcmsb¦nepw FgpXm¯ tXmakns\bmWv am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ A\pIcnt¡Xv. ImWmsXbpw kv]Àin¡msXbpapÅ hnizmkw ssZhimkv{X]cambn ta·bpÅXmWv. ]t£ AXv am[ya§Ä¡v tNÀ¶XÃ. AXpsImWvSmWv AhÀ t\cn«v At\zjW¯n\nd§p¶Xv.
AXnÀ¯nbnÂ ssN\ \S¯nb kwibIcamb \o¡§Ä dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvX C´y³ am[ya§sf ssN\bnse HutZymKnI]{Xamb ssN\m sUbven ITn\ambn hnaÀin¨p. \½psS am[ya§fpsS D¯chmZnXzanÃmbvabmWv NqWvSn¡mWn¡s¸«Xv. P\m[n]Xy¯nse _lpkzcXbpw D¯chmZnXzanÃmbva F¶p tXm¶ntb¡mhp¶ CSs]SepIfpw ssN\bv¡v a\knemhnÃ. A`n{]mb{]IS\kzmX{´yw DÄs¸sSbpÅ kzmX{´y§Ä `cWIqS¯n\v ASnbd h¨ncn¡p¶ cmPyamWv knwK¸qÀ. kzmØyhpw t£ahpamWv ]Icw P\§Ä¡v In«p¶Xv. GIm[n]Xyw hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶ kzÀKt¯¡mÄ P\m[n]Xy¯nse Iem]amWv \½Ä `mcXobÀ B{Kln¡p¶Xv. C´y³ ]mÀesa³dnÂ cmjv{S]Xn {]kwKn¡pt¼mÄ Ac Uk³ Fw ]namsc¦nepw Fgpt¶äp\n¶v XSks¸Sp¯pw. Atacn¡³ tIm¬{KknÂ H_ma {]kwKn¨t¸mÄ \pWb³ F¶p hnfn¨p ]dª AwK¯ns\Xnsc tZihym]Iamb {]Xntj[apWvSmbn. P\{]Xn\n[nk` {]tab¯neqsS B AwKs¯ imkn¨p. AXhnsS. ChnsS \½Ä C§s\sbms¡bmWv. temI¯nÂ Gähpa[nIw kzmX{´yw A\p`hn¡p¶ P\§Ä C´ym¡mcmWv. khntijamb B kzmX{´y¯ns³d Ceªn¯dtafamWv am[ya§fnÂ kZm apJcnXamIp¶Xv.
AXpsImWvSv am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ \ncmicmtIWvS. kXymt\zjWw XpScs«. kXymt\zjW¯ns³d ]mXbnÂ ]co£W§fpWvSmIpw. kXyw F¶mse´v F¶ tNmZyw Xs¶bmWv BZys¯ ]co£Ww. B tNmZyw tNmZn¨bmÄ¡v bYmkabw D¯cw In«nbnÃ. kXysa´msW¶ Hcp dnt¸mÀ«dpsS tNmZy¯n\v CdmJnÂ Atacn¡³ P\dÂ hneyw sjÀam³ \ÂInb D¯cw CXn\Iw {]kn²ambn«pWvSv. ""ChnsS \S¡p¶ Imcy§fpsS kXymhØ temIw AdnbWsa¶v R§Ä B{Kln¡p¶nÃ..''
]«mfambmepw s]meokmbmepw at\m`mhw CXpXs¶bmWv.. \mSv `cn¡p¶hcpsS \ne]mSpw hyXykvXaÃ.
(ap³ Fw ]nbmb teJI³ {]kv Iu¬knÂ AwKambncp¶p.)