IÀ½hoYnIfn ]cnip²nbpsS \ndhmbn kIe a\pjyÀ¡pw Xsâ lrZbIqSmc¯nenSw \ÂIn ip{iqjn¨ amÀ tXmakv IpcymfticnbpsS 85þmw NcahmÀjnIw Pq¬ cWvSn\v BNcn¡s¸Sp¶p. tIcfk`bv¡pw {]tXyIn¨v, N§\mticn¡pw AXnep]cn ]nXmhn\m Øm]nXamb hnip²IpÀ_m\bpsS Bcm[\k\ymkn\o kaql¯n\pw CXv Ir]mhc¯nsâ A\ÀL\nanjw.
Ncn{X¯n krjvSn]cXbpsS \qengIÄ ]mIn IS¶pt]mb ]pWyPohnX¯nsâ ]p\Àhmb\bmWv hmÀjnImtLmj§Ä¡v \ndw ]IcpI. hnip² IpÀ_m\bn thcpd¸n¨, Bgamb BßobXbnÂ, ssZhamXmhnsâ ssI]nSn¨v, hn\bt¯msS t{]jnX taJebpsS hnimeXbnte¡p \S¶pIbdn F§pw ZnhyImcpWyZo]w sImfp¯nb CXnlmkam\apÅ Hcp hyànbmWv ssZhZmk³ amÀ tXmakv Ipcymfticn. ssZh¯nsâ ssIsbm¸v lrZb¯nteäphm§nb hnip² P·w. Úm\kv\m\¯n e`n¨ Ir]mhcw Xms\mcn¡epw \jvSs¸Sp¯nbn«nsöp ]dbm³ am{Xw hnizkvXambncp¶p B PohnXw. Xn·bpsS aSn¯«nte¡p NmªWbp¶hÀ¡p ]nXmhnsâ PohnXw Hcp ]p\cmtemN\bpsS, Xncp¯ensâ ]mTimebmIp¶p.
1873 P\phcn 14þ\v Ipcymfticn Nmt¡m¨³þA¡½ Z¼XnIfpsS Bdmas¯ k´m\ambn«mWv tXmam¨³ P\n¡p¶Xv. amXm]nXm¡·mcpsS ss{IkvXh in£Whpw ]nXrhy\mb tXmam¨sâ \nÀt±tim]tZi§fpw ssZh¯nsâbpw a\pjycpsSbpw ap¼n {]oX\mb Hcp a\pjys\ IpªptXmam¨\n cq]s¸Sp¯phm³ klmbIambn. PohnX¯nsâ \ShgnIfn ImWp¶Xpw tIÄ¡p¶XpsaÃmw D°nXsâ Pohkm¶n[yambn AhÀ Xncn¨dnªp.
Hcn¡Â bmt¡m_mb sa{Xm\mb Ubt\jykv ]dªp: ""]p©ncntbmSpIqSnb apJw, FÃmhscbpw BIÀjn¡p¶ apJ`mhw, \njvIf¦amb a\Êv, Hcp Ime¯v Cu Ipªv FÃmhcmepw Bcm[n¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp hyànbmbn¯ocpw''. Cu temI¯nsâ ku`mKy§sfÃmw ss\anjnIamsW¶ Xncn¨dnhv ssZh¯n\pw klPohnIÄ¡pambpÅ BßmÀ¸W¯nte¡mWv At±ls¯ \bn¨Xv. tdmanse s{]m{]Km´ tImfPnembncp¶p sshZnI]T\w. klhnZymÀ°nIfpsSbnSbn {]kcn¸pÅ bphmhv, sIm¨p]pWyhm³ F¶o t]cpIfn Adnbs¸«p. s{]m¸Km´ sdIvSdmbncp¶ tUm. Iatkbn, tUm.sehoªv Xncpta\n¡v FgpXnb Hcp I¯n C{]Imcw Ipdn¨p. ""Ipcymfticn tXm½m si½miv Xsâ hym]mcw sImWvSpw t{ijvT·mtcmSpÅ A\pkcWw sImWvSpw Hcp amemJ Bbncn¡p¶p. aebmf¯n \n¶pw Cu s{]m¸Km´bn ]Tn¡p¶ buh\ØcpsS Iq«¯n H¶ma\pw Bbncn¡p¶p.''
1899 tabv 27þ\v tdmanse skâv tPm¬ emäd³ tZhmeb¯n At±lw sshZnI]«w kzoIcn¨p. XZhkc¯n ""12 hÀjw Ignbp¶Xn\p ap¼v tXmam¨³ Hcp sa{Xm\mbn¯ocpw '' F¶ IÀ±n\mÄ Itk´mbpsS A\p{Kl hNkv ]n¶oSv bmYmÀ°yambn. \m«n Xncns¨¯nb Ipcymfticnb¨³ skâv _À¡pam³kv t_mÀUnwKv sshkvsdIvSÀ, tN¶¦cn, Imhmew, FSXz, N¼¡pfw CShIIfpsS hnImcn F¶o \neIfn tkh\a\pjvTn¨p. ZnhyImcpWy¯nte¡v FÃmhscbpw B\bn¡pI, PohnX{]iv\§Ä¡pw thZ\IÄ¡pw ZnhyImcpWyk¶n[nbn D¯cw IsWvS¯m³ Ahsc ]Tn¸n¡pI F¶nh A¨sâ {]hÀ¯\§fpsSsbÃmw apJye£yambn.
Ime§fmbn a\Ên kq£n¨ hnip² IpÀ_m\bpsS Bcm[\m k\ymkn\o kaqlsa¶ Znhykz]v\w 1908 Unkw_À F«n\v A¨sâ \nc´c ]cn{ia¯m k^eambn. Imens¯mgp¯n Bcw`n¨v ssZh]cn]me\bn hfÀ¶ Cu k\ymkn\o kaql¯nsâ AwK§Ä C´ybpsS FÃm kwØm\§fnepw temIw apgph\nepambn hym]n¨v ZnhyImcpWykvt\lw ]¦phbv¡p¶p.
1911 Unkw_À aq¶n\v AXyp¶X UetKäv ktekvIn Xncpta\nbm Im³Unbn Ipcymfticn tXmam¨³ sa{Xm`njnà\mbn. "{InkvXphn FÃmw \hoIcn¡pI' F¶ ap{ZmhmIyw kzoIcn¨psImWvSv Unkw_À 15þ\v ]nXmhv cq]Xm `cWtasäSp¯p.
Hcp P\XbpsS \thm°m\w hnZym`ymk¯neqsS IcKXamIpsa¶p ]nXmhv a\Ênem¡n. XÂ^eambn CShIIÄ tXmdpw kvIqfpIÄ Øm]n¨v PmXnaXt`Zsat\y FÃmhÀ¡pw hnZym`ymkw t\Sp¶Xn\pÅ Ahkcsamcp¡n. ""\à hfÀ¯epw k·mÀ¤m\pkcWamb hnZym`ymkhpw IqSmsX Ip«nIÄ Cl¯nemIs« ]c¯nemIs« `mKyhm·mcmIpIbnÃ'' F¶v Xsâ {]t_m[\§fneqsS amXm]nXm¡·msc HmÀ½n¸n¨p. kvIqfpIfn aX]T\w, BZy shÅnbmgvN Ip¼kmcw, IpÀ_m\ Ch \nÀ_Ôam¡n.
kmwkvImcnI ]ptcmKXn¡v kv{Xo hnZym`ymkw A\nhmcyamsW¶ Xncn¨dnhn s]¬]Ån¡qS§Ä GÀs¸Sp¯n. `h\§sfbpw IcIsfbpw cmPy§sfbpw \hoIcn¡pIbpw KpWoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶ D¶XZÀi\t¯msSbpÅ amÀ tXmakv IpcymfticnbpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä Imes¯bpw AXnPohn¡p¶p. cq]Xbnse hnhn[bnS§fnembn Øm]nXamb Cw¥ojvþaebmfw kvIqfpIÄ, {]kn²amb N§\mticn Fkv._n. tImfPv, hmg¸Ån skâv tXtckmkv s{Sbn\nwKv kvIqÄ XpS§nbhsbÃmw ]nXmhnsâ A{im´ ]cn{ia¯nsâ ^e§fmWv.
APKW§fpsS kmaqlnIamb D¶a\¯nepw ]nXmhv {i²sNep¯n. Irjn, tdmUv XpS§n P\PohnXw kpKaam¡p¶ FÃm taJeIfnepw At±lw CSs]«p. s\bv¯v, A¨Sn, inev]hnZy XpS§nb sNdpInS hyhkmkb§Ä ]cnt]mjn¸n¨p. IÀjI kamP§Ä Øm]n¨v P\§fpsS, km¼¯nItijnsb hÀ²n¸n¨p. klIcWkwL§Ä¡pw {]Npc{]Nmcw \evIn. aäpÅhcpsS {]bmk§fpsS ap¼n \nkwK\mbncn¡phm³ ]nXmhn\v Ignbpambncp¶nÃ. Hcn¡Â \{kmWn Zo]nIbn ]nXmhns\¡pdn¨v h¶ hmÀ¯ {it²bamWv. ""Xncpa\ÊpsImWvSv `cWw ssItbä\mÄ apX Xncpa\Ênse lrZb¯nsâ Hmtcm Ne\hpw kapZmb¯nsâ \·bpw ta·bpw Dt±in¨pÅXmbncp¶p. kmapZmbnI Imcy§Ä¡pthWvSn kabtam [\tam hybw sN¿phm\t±lw bmsXmcp aSnbpw ImWn¨ncp¶nÃ. a\pjycnÂ\n¶v {]Xn\µn B{Kln¡msX \· {]hÀ¯n¡m\pÅ k·t\m`mhw \½psS ]nXmhn khntijw {]tim`n¨ncp¶p ''.
14 hÀjs¯ cq]Xm `cW¯n\nSbn ssZhw `ctaev]n¨hÀ¡pthWvSn AhcpsS Bßobhpw `uXnIhpamb Imcy§fn B Bßob X\b³ Pm{KX ]qWvSv {]hÀ¯\ \ncX\mbn. 113 CSbteJ\§Ä Xsâ a¡Ä¡pthWvSn AhnSp¶v FgpXn. CtX¡pdn¨v ""N§\mticn cq]Xbnse kpdnbm\n It¯men¡cpsS Bßob PohnXtaJesb {]_p²am¡nb At±l¯nsâ {]t_m[\§Ä B ImeL«¯n apg§nb ssZhkzcambncp¶p'' F¶v A`nhµy ]uh¯n ]nXmhv \S¯nb ]cmaÀiw amÀ tXmakv IpcymfticnbpsS hnip²PohnX¯n\v ASnhcbnSp¶p.
]dªp XoÀ¡mt\m FgpXn¯oÀ¡mt\m Bhm¯ \·bpw kvt\lhpw HmÀ½Ifpw \ÂIp¶ a\pjyXz¯nsâ Hc]qÀÆKmYm cN\bmWv ZnhyImcptWym]mk\bneqsS hµyXmX³ km[nXam¡nbXv. ZnhyImcpWy¯nsâ A]qÀÆ kar²amb Hcp hnfhmbncp¶p B hnip² P·w. hnfhn \n¶v `£n¨v Xr]vXcmbhcpw, B[ymßnI hcZm\ambn B PohnXs¯ kz´am¡nbhcpw APKW§fpw FÃmänepap]cn ]nXmhv Xsâ kvt\l]cnemf\bn hfÀ¯n hepXm¡nb Bcm[\m k\ymkn\o kaqlhpw B ]mh\kvacWbv¡p ap¼n {]WmaaÀ¸n¨v "X§fpsS hµyXmXs\ hnip²cpsS KW¯n tNÀ¡Wta'sb¶v a{´n¨v ZnhyImcpWy¯nsâ Xncp\Sbn Im¯p\n¡p¶p.