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]cnanX\nÀhN\¯nsâ ]cn[nIsf ewLn¡p¶hbpw \nba_²XbpsS k¦oÀ®XIfnÂ HXp§n\nÂ¡m¯hbpambn "sNdpIY' sb hntijn¸n¡mdpWvSv. e£W]pkvXI¯nse coXn\nÀt±i§Ä¡\pkcn¨pÅ BJym\w Cusbmcp kmlnXyamXrIbv¡v ]et¸mgpw Akm²yamWv. `n¶m\p`qXnIfptSXmb Hmtcm cN\bpw A]qÀÆXIfpsS Im´amb Iev]\IÄ ]¦phbv¡pt¼mÄ Chbvs¡Ãmw _m[Iamb Hcp \nba]pkvXIw X¿mdm¡m\pw IgnbmsX hcp¶p. a\pjyPohnXs¯, hyàambn \nÀhNn¡s¸« AXnÀ¯nIÄ¡pÅnÂ ZrVhÀ¯nbmbn \ne\nÂ¡p¶ Hcp k¦ev]\ambn AhXcn¸n¡m³ km[n¡mdnÃ. t_m[a\knsâbpw At_m[a\Ênsâbpw hym]mc§fpw _mly]cnØnXnIfpambn a\pjysâ `uXnIk¯ A\pZn\w GÀs¸«psImWvSncn¡p¶ kwLÀjmßIXIfpw DÄt¨À¶XmWv PohnXsa¶XmWv ImcWw. AXpsImWvSpXs¶ Cu PohnX¯nsâ kq£vahpw k¦oÀ®hpamb A\p`h§fnte¡p IS¶psNÃp¶ IYIÄ¡pw ]cnanX\nÀhN\¯nsâ km²yXIsf XÅn¡ftbWvSnhcp¶p.
aebmfIYbpsS BZyZibnÂ {]Xy£s¸« ]e cN\Ifpw IYsbgpXpIsb¶ ZuXyw {iaIcambn¯s¶ \nÀhln¡m\pÅ B{Kl¯nÂ \n¶pw cq]s¸«hbmbncp¶p. cWvSmw Xeapd¡YIfntes¡¯pt¼mÄ CXnhr¯w sI«n¨a¨v IY]dbp¶ coXn cNbnXm¡Ä Dt]£n¡pIbpw bmYmÀ°ykv]ÀinIfmb tkmt±iyIYIfnte¡p \o§pIbpw sNbvXp. AhÀ a\pjys\ ]qÀ®ambpw _mlyhXvIcn¨p. AXphgn a\pjysâ B´cnIXsb \ncmIcn¨psImWvSv krjvSnbnteÀs¸«p. aq¶mw Xeapd¡YIfnÂ "hyànk¦ev]w' IYbpsS tI{µambn¯ocp¶p. kwthZ\{]m]vX§fmb CtaPpIsf D]tbmKn¨v ImhymßIamb BhnjvIcWcoXn AhÀ AhXcn¸n¨p. aq¶mw Xeapd¡mcnÂ Zriyamhp¶ sshbànIXbpsS kzm[o\w B[p\nIXmhmZnIfnte¡pw F¯p¶pWvSv. ]t£, B[p\nIXmhmZL«IYIfnse "hyàn' hyXykvX\mWv. Ahnizmknbpw \ntj[nbpw Bß]oUIfnÂ B\µw IsWvS¯p¶h\pambmWv "hyàn' AhnsS {]Xy£s¸«Xv. BhnjvIcW¯nÂ hn¹hIcamb ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä hcp¯nb AhÀ IYminev]s¯ kw_Ôn¨ k¦ev]§sf XInSw adn¨p. B[p\nIXbpsS XpSÀ¨bpw AXhXcn¸n¨ ZmÀi\nIbpànbpsS \ntj[hpambn IS¶ph¶ B[p\ntIm¯ccneqsS aebmfIYmtemI¯v ]pXnb ]co£W§Ä XpScpIbmWv.
aebmfIYbpsS {]mcw`L«¯nÂ IYmcwKt¯¡p h¶hcpsS cN\IfneqsS IS¶pt]mIpt¼mÄ ck\obamb Hcp IY ]dbpIsb¶Xn\¸pdapÅ Nn´Isfm¶pw AhÀ¡pWvSmbncp¶nsÃ¶p t_m²ys¸Spw. Ahnizk\obhpw \mSIobhpamb kw`h§sf tImÀ¯nW¡nbhbmbncp¶p ChcpsS cN\Isf¶Xn\mÂ {]Wbw, \mbm«v, Ipämt\zjWw, AafnIÄ XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p an¡ IYIfpsSbpw apJy{]tabw. AXpsImWvSp Xs¶ aebmf¯nse BZys¯ IYsb¶ hntijWw t]dp¶ hmk\mhnIrXnbnÂ (1891) PohnX¯nsâ AKm[kwLÀj§fpw Xo{hamb DXvIWvTIfpw At\zjn¡p¶hÀ¡v ss\cmiy¯nt\ hgnbpÅq. th§bnÂ Ipªncma³\mb\mÀ, HSphnÂ IpªnIrjvWtat\m³, sI. kpIpamc³, A¼mSn \mcmbWs¸mXphmÄ, C.hn. IrjvW]nÅ, aqÀt¡m¯v Ipamc³, A¸³ X¼pcm³, ]´fw tIcfhÀ½ XpS§nbhscms¡bpw BZyL«¯nse aebmfIYsb k¼¶am¡nbhcmWv. sNdpIYminev]s¯¡pdn¨v ]nÂ¡me¯v hnIkn¨ph¶n«pÅ [mcWIsf ap³\nÀ¯n BZyImeaebmfIYIsf hnebncp¯p¶Xv AÀ°iq\yamb hym]mcambncn¡pw. sNdpIYsb¶ kt¦X¯nsâ km[yXIÄ ]qÀ®ambpw DÄs¡mWvShcmbncp¶nÃ BZyImeIYmIr¯p¡Ä. F¶ncn¡nepw BZyIYbpsS cNbnXmhmb th§bnensâ "ZzmcI'bpw "aZncmin]n¯em«hpw' GIm{Kamb IYmKXnbpw kw£n]vXXbpwsImWvSv {it²bamWv. bYmXYmhnjvImc¯nsâ X{´ap]tbmKn¨v {`amßIamb `mh\bpsS Nn{XWw \nÀÆln¡p¶ BZyImeIYbmb C.hn. IrjvW]nÅbpsS "Fsâ KÔÀÆkvt\lnX³' IYbpsS kt¦Xw apt¶dp¶Xpw kcfamb BJym\¯nsâ `wKnbnte¡pw IemIuie¯nte¡pw F¯p¶Xpw ImWn¨pXcp¶p. ZzmcIsb¶ IYbnÂ \n¶pw ap¸XphÀjw apt¶m«p\o§nbt¸mÄ \½psS IYmkmlnXy¯n\v kzm`mhnIambn ssIh¶ hfÀ¨bpsS BZyamXrIbmbn Cu IYsb hntijn¸n¡mw.
]s¯m¼Xmw \qämWvSnsâ cWvSmw]IpXnbnÂ kmaqlnIaÞe§fnÂ Zriyambn¯pS§nb sNdpNe\§Ä Ccp]Xmw\qämWvSnsâ BZy]IpXnbnÂ iàns¸«p. \thm°m\¯nsâ AeIÄ ]pXnb PohnXmht_m[hpw P\m[n]Xy¯ne[njvTnXamb temI{Iahpw Imw£n¡p¶Xnte¡v \bn¡pIbpWvSmbn. kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob cwKs¯ A\pcW\§Ä kmlnXy¯nte¡pw kw{Ian¨p. kmapZmbnI\thm°m\]cn{ia§Ä, kzmX{´ykacw, IÀjIcpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw apt¶äw, amÀIvknb³ Bib§fpsS hym]\w bqtdm]y³ kmlnXyhpambpWvSmb ]cnNbw. Chsbms¡ kmlnXys¯bpw kzm[o\n¡pIbpWvSmbn. hnt\mZkm[yXbv¡¸pdw kmlnXy¯nsâ kmaqlnIe£ys¯¸änbpÅ hnNmc§Ä¡v {]kàn In«nb Imeambncp¶p AXv. PohnXs¯ ]pXp¡n¸Wnbp¶Xn\v kaqls¯/kapZmbs¯ kÖam¡pIsb¶ ZuXyw kmlnXy¯n\v \nÀÆln¡m\psWvS¶ t_m[yw hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSv, Fw.BÀ._n, ap¯ncnt§mSv `h{XmX³ \¼qXncn¸mSv XpS§nbhcpsS BJym\§Ä¡v iàn ]IÀ¶p. Cusbmcp hnNmc[mcbpsS hnIknXmhØbnemWv aebmfIYbpsS k¼¶amb Hcp L«w ]ndhnsImÅp¶Xv. XIgn, tZhv, hÀ¡n, _joÀ, s]mä¡mSv, ImcqÀ XpS§nbhcpsS hcthmsS IYmkmlnXy¯n\p ]p¯\pWÀÆpw HmPkpw ssIhcpIbmbncp¶p. a\pjyPohnX¯nsâ hymJym\hpw hnaÀi\hpsa¶ \nebnÂ D¶Xamb Xe¯nte¡p IYmkmlnXyw hfÀ¶p. kmam\yambn ]dbpt¼mÄ Cu L«¯nse sNdpIYIfpsS s]mXpkz`mhw hyhØm]nXaqey§sf tNmZyw sN¿pIsb¶Xmbncp¶p. km¼¯nImkaXzw, kmaqlnIamb D¨\oNXzw, kZmNmc\mSy§Ä, cmjv{SobkzmX{´yw XpS§nbhsbms¡bpw IYIÄ A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXp. XIgnbpsS "shÅs¸m¡¯nÂ' , hÀ¡nbpsS "i_vZn¡p¶ Ie¸, _jodnsâ "P·Zn\w' XpS§nb IYIÄ bYmXY kt¦Xs¯ \nehmcs¸Sp¯pIbpw AXn\¸pdw aäp NneXns\¡qSn IYbnte¡p {]thin¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¦nepw hyànbpsS B´cnIXbnÂ Du¶ns¡mWvSv kmaqlnIbmYmÀ°y§fpsS kq£vamwi§sf BhnjvIcn¡p¶ hn[¯nÂ IYsb apt¶m«psImWvSpt]mIm³ ^e{]Zambn km[n¨Xv _jodn\mbncp¶p. DÅS¡s¯ ]cnjvIcn¡m\msb¦nepw BJym\¯nÂ hn]peamb \ho\Xzw sImWvSphcm³ km[n¡msX h¶Xv XIgn, tZhv , hÀ¡n F¶nhcpsS ]cnanXnbmbncp¶p. bYmXYamb BJym\]mXbneqsS \o§pt¼mgpw AXn\pÅnÂ kz´hpw kzX{´hpamb Hcphgn kzbw \nÝbn¨ncp¶ _jodn\v C¯csamcp ]cnanXnbpsS _m[yXIÄ CÃmbncp¶p. amÀIvknb³ {]Xybimkv{X¯nsâ kzm[o\w XIgn¡pw tZhn\pw hÀ¡n¡pw ]cm[o\XIÄ XoÀ¯t¸mÄ _jodn\v A¯cw hymIpeXbpw DWvSmbnÃ. sshbànIamb k¦oÀ®XIfpsS Xo{hmhnjvIcW¯nÂ {i²n¨ncp¶ asämcp IYmIr¯v Ddq_mWv. IqSpXÂ Bg¯nÂ am\knIhym]mc§sf tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ t_m[[mckt¦Xambncp¶p t]mªn¡c dm^nbptSXv. kv{XokzXzs¯ X\natbmsS BhnjvIcn¨ efnXmw_nI A´ÀÖ\hpw sI. kckzXnb½bpw C¡meL«¯nemWv IYmcwKt¯¡v F¯nbXv. aebmfIYbnÂ kv{Xo]£\ne]mSpIÄ BZyambn ImWp¶Xv hn.Sn., Fw.BÀ._n. XpS§nbhcpsS IYIfnemWv. kv{Xo]£¯p\n¶p Xs¶bpÅ C¯csamcp {iaambncp¶p efnXmw_nIbpsSbpw kckzXnb½bpsSbpw IYIÄ. kapZmb¯n\I¯p\n¶pÅ kv{Xokzc§Ä A´ÀP\w IqSpXembn IYbnepÄt¨À¯t¸mÄ IqSpXÂ hnimeamb temI¯p\n¶pÅ kv{Xokzcambncp¶p kckzXnb½bptSXv.
bYmXYamb BJym\¯nsâ hgnIsf XnckvIcn¡pIbpw `mhKoX¯nsâ kz`mhw {]ISn¸n¡p¶ BJym\`mjsb kzoIcn¡pIbpw _nw_kar²nbneqsS Bgtadnb A\p`h¯nte¡p \s½ \bn¡pIbpw sNbvX aq¶mwXeapd¡mcmbncp¶p Sn. ]ß\m`\pw, Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³\mbcpw am[hn¡p«nbpw. XIgnbpsS Xeapd kaqlt_m[¯nsâ Imcy¯nÂ ImWn¨ AXnXmÂ]cyt¯mSpÅ {]XnIcWsat¶mWw BßcXnbnÂ A`ncan¡p¶ IYm]m{X§fmbncp¶p Fw.Sn. bpsS IYIfnÂ \ndªp\n¶Xv. hyànbpsS B´cnItemIs¯¯s¶bmWv ]ß\m`\pw BhnjvIcn¨sX¦nepw ]mckv]cy¯nsâbpw klPoh\¯nsâbpw Awi§ÄIqSn AXnepÄt¨À¶ncp¶p. ""kvt\lw, klm\p`qXn, XymKw, PohImcpWyw XpS§nb Xnf§p¶ BZÀi§fpÅ Hcp bphmhv tem`hpw tamlhpw aZhpw amÕcyhpw taªp\S¡p¶ aÀ¯ymßm¡fmÂ ZqjnXamb temIs¯¡WvSp thZ\n¡pI, kvt\l¯nsâ sNdnb Xncn sImfp¯n shfn¨w \ÂIm\pZyan¡pI. IqSpXÂ CcpÄ]c¡p¶Xp IWvSv ]n³hm§n Zp:J¯nsâbpw kvt\l¯nsâbpw thZ\bpsSbpw I\¯ BhcWaWnª X¶nte¡pXs¶ XncnbpI'' (sNdpIY C¶se C¶v. 1994:303) Fw. ANypXsâ Cu \nco£Ww ]ß\m`sâ BhnjvIcWkz`mhs¯ IrXyambnASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶pWvSv. IYsb `mhKoX¯nsâ Xe¯nte¡pbÀ¯nb asämcp hyànF³. taml\\mWv. XnIª Bß\njvTX At±l¯nsâ apJap{ZbmWv. a\pjylrZb¯nse aqIZp:J§sf IhnX Xpfp¼p¶ `mjbnÂ At±lw BhnjvIcn¨p. efnXamb cq]LS\bv¡pÅnÂ k¦oÀWamb A\p`h§sf Hfn¸n¡pIbmWv am[hn¡p«n cN\bneqsS sNbvXXv. kzXzw \ntj[n¡s¸Sp¶ kv{XobpsS kzcw Xo{hX \jvSam¡msX ]IÀ¯m³ am[hn¡p«n¡mbn. s]®nsâ a\kv F§s\ kvt\lw sImWvSv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶psh¶pw icocw F§s\ kvt\l¯nÂ eo\amIp¶psh¶pw AhcpsS IYIÄ \s½ A\p`hn¸n¨p. Zm¼XyPohnX¯nsâ Zpc´cminIfnte¡pw am[hn¡p«n \s½ \bn¨p. Imev]\nIamb IYm´co£¯nÂ\n¶v Hs«m¶p amdn\n¶v \m«dnhpIfpsS FÃpd¸pÅ `mjbnÂ A\p`h§sf BhnjvIcn¨hcmWv tImhne³, \´\mÀ, bp.F. JmZÀ XpS§nbhÀ. tImhne\pw \´\mcpw ]«mfPohnX¯nsâ DXvIWvTIfpw kz]v\§fpw BhnjvIcn¡p¶Xnepw hnPbn¨hcmWv.