1452 apX Xncp¡¨ Cäenbnse kmthmbn {]`phnsâ DSaØXbnembncp¶p. I¨bnse hnkvabIc§fmb ASbmf§Ä bmYmÀ°yamtWm F¶dnbm³ At±lw ]e ]co£W§fpw \S¯n. F®bn Xnf¸n¨p IgpInbn«pw ASbmf§Ä amdnbnÃ. 1898þ Xncp¡¨bpsS BZy {]ZÀi\w \S¶p. Cu Ahkc¯nemWv Xncp¡¨bpsS t^mt«m BZyambns«Sp¯Xv. Xncp¡¨bpsS am{XaÃ, AXp Øm]n¨ncn¡p¶ AįmcbpsS t^mt«mbpw DWvSmbncp¶p. ChnsS IWvS hnkvabw Xncp¡¨bpsS clky¯nte¡p shfn¨w hoin. AįmcbptSXv km[mcWcoXnbn s\Käohmbn IWvSt¸mÄ Xncp¡¨bptSXv t]mknäohmbn IWvSp. Xncp¡¨bnse a\pjyapJw hniZoIcWw km[yaÃm¯ h®w, kzm`mhnIambn s\Käohmbn {]Xy£s¸«ncn¡p¶p!
Xncp¡¨bnepWvSmbncp¶ ASbmf§Ä \nKqVamb Hcp ssPhimkv{X {]Xn`mk¯nsâ ^eamsW¶p hyàambn. Bcw`¯nte Xs¶ càw ]pcWvSncps¶¦nepw ASbmf§Ä {]Xy£ambXv \oWvShÀj§Ä¡ptijambncn¡mw; sUhe]v sN¿m¯ ^nenanepw Nn{Xsamfnªncn¡p¶Xpt]mse Xs¶. a\pjyicoc¯n t\cs¯ Xs¶ I«bmb cà¯nsâ IuWvSÀ t{UmbnwKvkv (Counter drawings) Bbncp¶p ASbmf§Ä. càw I«bmIp¶ (Coagulation) {]Xn`mks¯¸än \ap¡v C¶pÅ Adnhnsâ OmbmNn{Xw (Portrait) Bbncp¶p Hmtcm ASbmfhpw. Xncp¡¨bn ImWp¶ ASbmf§Ä Hcp IemImc\pw hcbv¡m³ km[yaÃ. B ]S§fpsS Gäw kq£vaamb hniZmwi§Ä BÀ¡pw `mh\bn ImWm³ Ignbpambncp¶nÃ. am{Xaà 19þmw \qämWvSnsâ BZy ]IpXnbn t^mt«m{Km^nbpsS IWvSp]nSn¯t¯mSpIqSnbmWv s\Käohv ]S§sf¸änbpÅ Bibw DWvSmbXv.
Xncp¡¨sb kw_Ôn¨ Cu IWvSp]nSn¯w imkv{XtemI¯nsâ PnÚmk DWÀ¯n. {^©pImc\mb Dr.LEBEC IÀ¯mhnsâ icocw s]mXnªncp¶ I¨bnse ASbmf§Ä icocLS\m imkv{Xt¯mSpw icocimkv{Xt¯mSpw _Ôs¸Sp¶XmtWmsb¶dnbm\pÅ ]T\w \S¯n. Xpd¶ a\tÊmsS At±lw ]T\w Bcw`n¨p; icnsb¦n Dd¸phcp¯m\pw sXsä¦n XÅn¸dbm\pw! {ItaW AXp icnhbv¡phm³ At±lw \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn. ASbmf§Ä hfsc icnbmsW¶v At±l¯n\p t_m[ys¸«p. {Iqin¡s¸«h³ F§s\ acn¡p¶psh¶ kn²m´w 1925þ hnPbIcambn AhXcn¸n¨ sshZyimkv{X ]WvUnX\mWv Dr.LEBEC .
Xncp¡¨bpsS t^mt«m hoWvSpw hoWvSpw FSp¡p¶Xn\v ]WvUnXÀ Bhiys¸«psImWvSncp¶p. 1931þse {]ZÀi\¯n FSp¯ {][m\ t^mt«mbmWv XncpapJ¯ntâXv. asämcp t^mt«mbmWv Xncp¡¨bnse icoc¯nsâ ]pdw`mKt¯Xv. Nm«hmdSnsImWvSpWvSmb `bapfhm¡p¶ ASbmf§Ä! CXns\¸än ]mcokv skâv tPmk^v tlmkv]näense kÀP\mb Dr. PIERRE BARBET C{]Imcw FgpXp¶p: ""sXmenbpcnbpItbm, NXhpfhm¡pItbm sNbvX ASnIÄ am{XamWv ASbmf§Ä krjvSn¨n«pÅXv. \qdpIW¡n\v ASbmf§Ä Rm³ F®n''.
1898se {]ZÀi\w tam¬kntªmÀ ACHILLE RATTI IWvSncp¶p. Xncp¡¨bpsS XpWnbpsS arZpeX, emfnXyw, \nd§fpsS A`mhw, FÃmänepw D]cnbmbn AXn ImWp¶ icocLS\bpsS ]qÀ®X FÃmw At±lw {]tXyIw HmÀ½n¨ncp¶p. At±lamWv ]obqkv 11þma³ amÀ]m¸mbmbn 1922 apX 1939 hsc ]t{Xmknsâ knwlmk\w Ae¦cn¨ncp¶Xv. Ncn{XImc\pw Iebnepw imkv{X¯nepw hfsc XmÂ]cyhpw, Xncp¡¨tbmSv hfsc `ànbpapWvSmbncp¶ ]m¸mbpambncp¶p ]obqkv 11þma³. Xncp¡¨sb¸änbpÅ imkv{X KthjW§fn At±lw {]tXyIw {i²n¨ncp¶p. ]T\§sf¸änbpÅ tcJIÄ At±l¯n\p In«nbncp¶p. Dr.PIERE BARBET sâ "FIVE WOUNDS ' F¶ {KÙw At±lw hmbn¨ncp¶p. Dr.PIERE BARBET sâ saUn¡Â tUmIvSÀ am{XaÃ, BÀ¡ntbmfPnÌpw hnip²{KÙ ]WvUnX\pambncp¶p. A©phÀjs¯ KthjW¯n\pw hnNn´\¯n\pw tijw Xncp¡¨bpsS hnizk\obX ]nXmhv ]ckyambn {]Jym]n¨p.
]obqkv ]Xns\m¶masâ B{Kl {]ImcamWv Sqdn³ I¨bpsS {]ZÀi\w 1933þ \S¶Xv. 1931þ FSp¯ t^mt«mbpsS kq£vaX ]cntim[n¡m³ CXv Ahkcw \ÂIn. Xncp¡¨bpsS Akm[mcW {]IrXn s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡s¸SpIbpw imkv{Xob]T\§Ä¡pw KthjW§Ä¡pw ]pXnb t{]cIiànbmhpIbpw sNbvXp.
1950þ Xncp¡¨sb¸änbpÅ ]T\¯nsâ BZys¯ A´ÀtZiob kt½f\¯n I¨bnse ASbmf§Ä càwsImWvSpWvSmbXmsW¶v Dr.PIERE BARBET kaÀ°n¨p.
1980þ Atacn¡³ imkv{XÚ·mcmb J.H.Heller & A.D.Adler Xncp¡¨bnse càw]pcWvS ASbmfapÅ Øe¯v t]mÀss^dn³ sSÌv hnPbn¨Xmbn dnt¸mÀ«p sNbvXp. CXv Dr.PIERE BARBET sâ \nKa\§sf icnhbv¡p¶p.
1981þ Sqdn³ bqWnthgvknänbnse t^md³knIv saUnknsâ s{]m^kdpw kÀP\pamb Prof. Pierlugi Baina, Bollone 1978þ I¨bn \n¶pw FSp¯ \qepIÄ ]cntim[n¨t¸mÄ, AXn càhpw, aodmbpw, Btemkpw IWvSXmbn {]kvXmhn¨p.
Baima Bollone sâ IWvSp]nSn¯¯n\p kZriamWv Dr.A.D.AdletâXv.
1981þ Xs¶ Baima Bollone, Jorio Massaro F¶nhÀ, 1978þ I¨bn \ns¶Sp¯ \qen IWvS càw a\pjycàamsW¶p IWvSp]nSn¨p. aq¶p hnZKv[À AS§p¶ Cu KthjWkwLw 1982þ Xncp¡¨bnse càw "F_n' {Kq¸nÂs¸«XmsW¶p kaÀ°n¨p. CXn\v AhÀ D]tbmKn¨Xv anIvkUv A¥q«nt\j³ coXnbmWv.
1978þ\p tijw KthjWkwLw D]kwlcn¨Xv, I¨bnse {]Xncq]w NW\mcnsâ {][m\`mKamb ssPhhkvXphnepWvSmb amäw sImWvSmWv F¶mWv. Cu amäw DWvSmIm\pÅ ImcWsa´mWv? Xncp¡¨bn IsWvS¯nb aodmbpw Btemkpw Atà AXn\p ImcWsa¶v Baima Bollone hnNmcn¡p¶p.
Dr. Max Frei 1976þ Xncp¡¨bn ]änbn«pÅ ]qs¼mSn ]cntim[n¨XnÂ\n¶pw Nne \nKa\§fn F¯nt¨À¶p. CXn A[nIhpw K\nkd¯v XSmI¯nsâ ASn¯«n Ipanªp IqSnbncn¡p¶ ]ekvXo\mbnse acp`qanbn hfcp¶ sNSnIfpsS ]qs¼mSntbmSp kmZriyapÅXmWv. tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nfnepw {^m³knepw CäenbnepapÅ sNSnIfpsS hn¯pIfpw IWvSp. CXp hyàam¡p¶Xv Xncp¡¨bpsS Ncn{X]chpw `qanimkv{X]chpamb {]m[m\yamWv.
I¨bpsS XpWnsb kw_Ôn¨ ]co£W§fn \n¶pw CXv {InkvXphnsâ Ime¯v DWvSmbncp¶tXm AÃm¯tXm BImsa¶v Dr. G. Raes ]dbp¶p. 1988þ tdUntbm ImÀ_¬ ]T\¯n\mbn Xncp¡¨bpsS Hcp sNdnb`mKw apdn¨v aq¶p ]co£WimeIfn ]cntim[n¨p. Cw¥WvSnepw Atacn¡bnepw kznävkÀeWvSnepw. 1260\pw 1390\pw CSbv¡pÅ hÀjs¯ ]g¡amWv Xncp¡¨bv¡v DÅsX¶mbncp¶p \nKa\w.
imkv{Xw IsWvS¯p¶Xp ]dbWw. ]t£ AXp Xncp¡¨sb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Ahkm\hm¡mbncn¡pIbnÃ. ImcWw Cu I¨ {InkvXphnsâ apJw am{Xaà AhnSps¯ ]oUm\p`hhpw acWhpw D°m\hpw D±o]n¸n¡p¶p.
Xncp¡¨bpsS t^mt«mIfn \n¶pw tbiphnsâ icoc¯nse apdn¸mSpIÄ hyàambn a\Ênem¡mw. Hmtcm apdnhnsâbpw Øm\hpw kz`mhhpw IrXyambn a\Ênem¡mw. Hmtcm¶nÂ\n¶pw {]hln¨ cà¯nsâ Afhpw \nÝbn¡mw. Nm«hmdnepÅ AØn¡jW§fpw teml¡jW§fpw sImWvSv icocamsI apdnhpWvSmIpIbpw AhbnÂ\n¶pw hfsct\cw càw hmÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. hSnsImWvSpÅ ASn¸mSpIfpw cà{]hmlhpw Xncp¡¨bn sXfnªp ImWmw. apJ¯pw incknepamWv ASnsImWvSpÅ £Xw ImWp¶Xv. tbiphnsâ hes¯ sNhn«¯v hepXpw NXªp IodnbXpambncp¶ Hcp apdnhpWvSmbncp¶p. AXnÂ\n¶pÅ cà{]hmlw iàambncp¶p. ASntbäv tbiphnsâ aq¡n\v kmcamb NXhp]än. XcpWmØnsImWvSp \nÀ½nXamb aq¡nsâ \SphnepÅ `n¯n XIÀ¶p t]mIpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. BWn¸mSpIfn \n¶pÅ cà{]hmlw XmcXta\y Ipdhmbncp¶p. tbiphnsâ FÃpIsfm¶pw XIÀ¡s¸«ncp¶nÃmsb¶ bmYmÀ°yw Xncp¡¨bpsS t^mt«mIfn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. ssIImepIfnse BWnIfpw ]mÀizw ]nfÀ¶ Ip´hpw H¶pw AØnIsf kv]Àin¨ncp¶nÃ. Xncp¡¨bnse Nn{Xw icocLS\bpsS ]qÀ®Xshfns¸Sp¯p¶Xmbncp¶p.
tbiphnsâ ]oUm\p`hs¯bpw IpcnipacWs¯bpw ]änbpÅ hniZmwi§Ä Xncp¡¨bn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.
kphntij¯nse hnhcW§tfmSv hfsc kZriamb AdnhmWv Xncp¡¨bpsS imkv{Xob]T\¯nÂ\n¶pw e`n¡p¶Xv.
Xncp¡¨bnse ]S§sf¸än ""CXv XoÀ¨bmbpw a\pjyIc§fm \nÀ½nXaÃm''sb¶v ]obqkv ]Xns\m¶ma³ amÀ]m¸mbpw ""ssZh¯nsâ hnc CXnepWvSv'' F¶v tPm¬ 23þma³ amÀ]m¸mbpw ]dªncn¡p¶p. `mKykvacWmÀl\mb tPm¬t]mÄ cWvSma³ ]m¸m ]dªXv ""CXmWv {InkvXphnsâ ]oUm\p`h¯nsâbpw D°m\¯nsâbpw Gäw {]Imiw sNmcnbp¶ `uXnImhinjvSw'' F¶mWv.
CXphsc \mw IWvSXv 436 skânaoäÀ \ofhpw 110 skânaoäÀ hoXnbpÅ Hcp en\³ XpWnbpsS Ncn{XamWv. F.Un.30þ C¯cw XpWnIÄ CuPn]vXn hnev]\bv¡pWvSmbncp¶p. Ncn{XmXoX Ime¯p Xs¶ \½psS sIm¨ptIcfw temI¯nsâ hmWnPy `q]S¯n Øm\w ]nSn¨ncp¶p. a²y ]uckvXytZi¯p\n¶pw hntZinIÄ ChnsS F¯nbncp¶Xpt]mse tIcfobÀ A\ycmPy§fnte¡pw t]mIpambncp¶p. CuPn]vXnse "a½n'Isf s]mXnªncp¶Xv tIcf¯nse Hcp {][m\ hyhkmb km[\amb Iment¡m sImWvSmsW¶v Nne imkv{XÚ·mÀ kaÀ°n¡p¶p. \½psS IÀ¯mhns\ ih¡Ãdbn h¨Xpw Hcp C´y³ aÉn³ XpWnsImWvSmbncp¶psh¶pw sFXnly§Ä ]dbp¶p.
Xncp¡¨bnse càw {InkvXphnsâ càamWv. {InkvXp `qanbn \ap¡mbn Nn´nb càw! Sqdn³ I¨, Xncp¡¨bmsW¶v k` hnizkn¡pIbpw hW§pIbpw sN¿p¶p.