Gähpw _lpam\y\mb ImÄ amÀIvkv, {]nb \ma_Ôq,
Pohn¨ncp¶ Ime¯v A§v ASnbpd¨ \ncoizc\pw k`bpsS ISp¯ FXncmfnbpambncp¶sÃm. AXpsImWvSv A§bpsS \ymb]qÀÆamb ]n´pSÀ¨ AhImis¸Sp¶ Nne amÀIvknÌpIÄ, Hcp It¯men¡msa{Xm\mb Rm³ At§¡v Cu Is¯gpXp¶Xv ""cmPmhns\ ]cnlkn¡p¶Xn\p'' Xpeyamb H¶mbn IcpXm³ km[yXbpWvSv. F¦nepw Rm\Xv sN¿pIbmWv, ImcWapWvSv. H¶maXmbn, ssZhw Cà F¶ A§bpsS AhImihmZw sXämbncps¶¶v acW¯n\ptijw At§¡p t_m[yambn¡mWpw F¶msWsâ hnizmkw. AXpsImWvSv k`bpsS Hcp {]Xn]pcpjt\mSv A§v Aev]w abs¸«p ImWWw. cWvSmaXmbn, acW¯n\p sXm«pap¼v A§v C§s\ ]dªXmbn tI«n«pWvSv: Rms\mcp amÀIvknÌà Fs¶\n¡dnbmw. AXn\mÂ, \½Ä cWvSpt]cpw X½nepÅ ^e{]Zamb Hcp kwhmZw k¦pNnXa\kvIcmb Nne kJm¡Ä XSÊs¸Spt¯WvSXnà F¶p Rm³ IcpXp¶p.
C§s\bmsW¦nepw Rms\´n\mWv Cu kw`mjW¯n\p Xp\nbp¶sX¶v A§p tNmZnt¨¡mw. Fsâ kz´w PohNcn{XamWv AXn\v Hcp ImcWw. A§bpsS AtX IpSpw_t¸cmWv F\n¡pw F¶Xp am{Xaà B ImcWw. 2001  Rm³ {SnbÀ ]«W¯nse sa{Xm\mbn \ntbmKn¡s¸«p. A§v P\n¡pIbpw (1818) _meyhpw buh\hpw sNehgn¡pIbpw `mcybmb sP¶nsb IsWvS¯pIbpw sNbvX AtX ]«Ww. ssZh¯n\pw \À½t_m[apWvSv F¶pd¸mWv.
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Ct¸mÄ Rm³ {Sbdn AÃ, ayqWn¡nse BÀ¨p_nj¸mWv. F¶m \s½ _Ôn¸n¡p¶ ]e LSI§fpapWvSv. sa{Xm\mIp¶Xn\pap¼v Rm³ ss{IkvXh kmaqlnIimkv{X¯nsâ A[ym]I\mbncp¶p. A§bpsStbm Fsâtbm Nn´Ifpambn ]cnNbanÃm¯hÀ AXns\ ""]cnip² amÀIvknkw'' F¶p ]cnlkn¡mdpWvStÃm. AhÀ ]dbp¶ Hcp Imcyw icnbmWv. k`bpsS kmaqlnI{]t_m[\w A§bpsS Ime¯v A§p ]peÀ¯nb XmÂ]cy§tfmSp kam\ambmWp {]XnIcn¨ncp¶Xv...
]t£, Rm\nsXgpXp¶Xv BÀ¡mWv? At§¡p hyàambn AdnbmasÃm, k` ]s¯m¼Xmw \qämWvSnÂXs¶ kmaqlnI{]iv\§Ä At§t¡m A§p cq]w sImSp¯ IayqWnÌp {]Øm\¯nt\m am{Xambn hn«psImSp¡bà sNbvXsX¶v. {^m³kv t^m¬ _mUÀ (1765þ1824), BZmw ssl³dn¡v apÅÀ (1779þ1829) apXemb ss{IkvXhNn´IÀ apXemfn¯s¯ \ninXambn hnaÀin¡pIbpw ]pXnb ^mIvSdnIfn ]WnsbSp¡p¶ sXmgnemfnIfpsS AhØsb¸än Dds¡¨n´n¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ A§p P\n¨n«p t]mepanÃmbncp¶p.
1848þ A§pw {^oUdn¡v GwKÂkpw IqsS "IayqWnÌp am\ns^tÌm' {]kn²oIcn¨p. IayqWnÌv kn²m´w apgph³ "kzImcykz¯v CÃmXm¡p¶' Xn DÄs¡mÅn¡msa¶v As§gpXn. AtXhÀjw Xs¶ It¯men¡m sshZnI\pw PÀ½³ ]mÀesaânse AwKhpambncp¶ hneyw F½m\pth t^m¬ sIssäseÀ abn³kv I¯o{Zense BKa\Ime{]kwK§fn kzImcy kz¯ns\¡pdn¨p {]kwKn¡pIbpWvSmbn. apXemfnamcpsS kzmÀ°Xbpw Zcn{ZcpsS hntijn¨v sXmgnemfnIfpsS, Bhiy§tfmSv AhÀ ImWn¡p¶ \nÊwKXbpw At±lw hnaÀin¨p. F¶m A§p ]dªXpt]mse kzImcykz¯v\ntcm[n¡Wsa¶Ã At±lw Bhiys¸«Xv, ]Icw AXp \ne\nÀ¯Wsa¶mWv, PÀ½³ `cWLS\bpsS auenImhImi§fn 100 hÀj§Ä¡ptijw AXmWv DÄs¸Sp¯nbXv. F¶m AXnsâ D]tbmKw kaql¯nsâ D¡Àj¯n\v DXpIpwhn[ambncn¡Ww.
sIsäsedpw A§pw XpSÀ¶pÅ hÀj§fn Ncn{X¯n Nnc{]XnjvT t\Sn. 1850þ At±lw abn³knse sa{Xm\mbn. hyhkmbs¯mgnemfnIfpsSbpw kaql¯nsâbpw {]iv\§Ä PohnXImew apgph³ At±ls¯ aYn¨psImWvSncp¶p. "sXmgnemfnIfpsS sa{Xm³' F¶mWv At±lw Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. At§¡pw At±ls¯ \¶mbn Adnbmw. ImcWw At±l¯nsâ auenINn´bpw IÀt½mÕpIXbpw A§sb {]tIm]n¸n¡pIbpWvSmbsÃm. 1869  ssd³emâv kwØm\¯neqsS bm{X sN¿th GwKÂkn\v As§gpXnb I¯n sa{Xm³ ]Zhnbnse Fsâ kl{]hÀ¯Is\¸än A§p \ockt¯msS ]cmaÀin¡pIbpWvSmbn. ""s_ÂPnb¯neqsSbpw ssd³ \ZoXoc¯neqsSbpw \S¯nb bm{Xbnepw Al³ ]«¯nse Xmak¯nepw \n¶v F\ns¡mcp Imcyw t_m[yambn. ]ptcmlnXsc Xo{hambn IS¶m{Iant¡WvSXv AXy´mt]£nXamWv; {]tXyIn¨pw It¯men¡À¡p `qcn]£apÅ {]tZi§fnÂ. Cu \ne]mSp ap¼n IWvSpsImWvSv Rm³ (IayqWnÌv) CâÀ\mjWen {]kwKn¡p¶pWvSv. B ]«nIÄ (DZmlcWambn abn³kv ]«W¯n _nj¸v sIsäseÀ, UypkÂtUmÀ^nse sshZnIkt½f\¯n sshZnIÀ) AhÀ¡p tNcpwhn[w sXmgnemfnIfpambn irwKcn¡pIbmWv.''
k`mt\Xm¡Ä, AXpw Hcp sa{Xm³, sXmgnemfnItfmSp ]£w tNcp¶Xv At§¡p kln¡m\mhpambncp¶nÃ. A§bpsS hntijs¸« X¯za\pkcn¨v _qÀjzmapXemfn¯temI¯nsâ s]mXphmb kamizmkhpw \ymboIcWhpw aXamWsÃm. am{XaÃ, P\XbpsS ""ab¡pacp¶mb aXw a\pjysâ A\yhev¡cW¯nsâ hnip²apJhpamWv.'' CtXmSptNÀ¶pt]mIp¶Xà sshZnIcpsS s]cpamäw! A§bpsS kn²m´a\pkcn¨v sIsäseÀ `cWhÀ¤¯nsâ hnUvVnbmb Hcp BØm\hnZzm\mbn amtdWvSnbncn¡p¶p. ]mhs¸«hÀ¡v At§ temI¯p kamizmkw hmKvZm\w sNbvXpsImWvSAt±lw _qÀjzmþapXemfn¯kwhn[m\s¯ kpØncamt¡WvSnbncp¶p. F¶m sIsäseÀ sNbvXXv AXÃ. Hcp ss{IkvXhsXmgnemfn {]Øm\w sI«n¸Sp¡m³ At±lw ap³Is¿Sp¯p. NqjW¯n \n¶pw a\ptjymNnXaÃm¯ sXmgn kmlNcy§fn \n¶pw sXmgnemfnIsf c£n¡m³ At±lw `cWIqSs¯ \nÀ_Ôn¨p. kzbw klmb¯n\pw t{SUv bqWnb³ cq]oIcW¯n\pw At±lw sXmgnemfnIsf t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. ^mIvSdnbpSaIÄs¡Xntc sFIyt¯msS apt¶m«p hcp¶Xn\pw \oXo]qÀÆIamb Iqenbpw sXmgn kmlNcy§fpw e`yam¡p¶Xn\pw AXv BhiyamsW¶v At±lw IcpXn. At±l¯nsâ Bib§Ä At§¡v kzoImcyambncp¶nÃ. Iq«mb {]hÀ¯\anÃmXncp¶ kmlNcy¯n kwLSnXamb hnet]ien\mWv sIsäseÀ sXmgnemfnIsf {]m]vXcm¡nbXv.
Fsâ kl{]hÀ¯Is\bpw A§sbbpw kw_Ôn¨ tKmÄ\ne 2:10 F¶mbncp¶p F¶v hyàamt¡WvSnbncn¡p¶p. ImcWw kzImcykz¯nsâ Imcy¯nse¶t]mse, 20þmw \qämWvSn sXmgnepw aqe[\hpw X½nepWvSmb kwLÀj¯nepw PÀ½\nbnepw CXc hyhkmbhÂIrX cmPy§fnepw auenIamb Hcp XInSw adn¨nen\pÅ A§bpsS \nÀt±iaà kzoIcn¡s¸«Xv. ]Icw sXmgnen\pÅ kmaqlnIamb AhImihpw sXmgnemfn kwLS\IÄ hgnbpÅ Iq«mbvabpw AwKoIcn¡s¸«p. C¶p Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ Gähpw {it²bcmb PÀ½³ ZmÀi\nIcn Hcmfpw A§bpsS Nn´Ifpambn ]et¸mgpw kwhmZ¯n GÀs¸«n«pÅ Bfpamb bqÀK³ lmws_Àamkv Hcn¡Â C§s\ \nco£n¡pIbpWvSmbn: ""kmaqlnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb Hcp {]im´Xbnte¡p hÀ¤kacs¯ \bn¨ Hcp \hoIrXcmjv{Sobkwhn[m\¯nsâ ASnØm\ambn \nba]cnc£bpÅ thX\\nÀ®bkwhn[m\w amdpIbpWvSmbn.'' PÀ½\nbn {ItaW It¼mfk¼ZvhyhØ \nehn h¶p. A§bpsS Bib§fn hÅn]pÅn hnSmsX ISn¨pXq§p¶ ISp¯ amÀIvknÌpIÄ apXemfn¯cmPy§fnepWvSmb Cu hnImkw hniZoIcn¡m³ C¶pw ]mSps]SpIbmWv.
anYym`nam\w F¶ ]m]hpambn At§¡p s]mcp¯s¸tSWvSXptWvSm Fs¶\n¡v AdnªpIqSm. A§s\bpsWvS¦n Fsâ Ncn{X]camb AhtemI\¯n Rm³ ]Snªmd³ bptdm¸pw hSt¡ Atacn¡bpw am{Xw DÄs¸Sp¯p¶Xv A§v FXnÀt¯¡pw. Cu Ncn{XkÔnbn A§bpsS IayqWnÌv injycmWsÃm Ing¡³ bqtdm¸nse Ncn{XKXn \nb{´n¨ncp¶Xv. F¶m se\n³, Ìmen³ apXemb XÀ¡hnt[bcpw tNmZyw sN¿s¸Sp¶hcpamb hyànIÄ¡v A§v XmXznIamb A`bw sImSp¡ptam Fs¶\n¡p kwibapWvSv. am{XaÃ, A§bpsS Ncn{XZÀi\a\pkcn¨v djybn Hcp hn¹h hpw DWvSmIm\pÅ km[yXbnÃmbncp¶psh¶pw At§¡p \¶mbdnbmw. A§bpsS Nn´b\pkcn¨v hyhkmbhXvIrX kaqlw IS¶pt]mtIWvS Hcp L«w am{XamWv apXemfn¯w. apXemfn¯¯n\ptijamWv aqey[\w kamlcn¡s¸Sp¶Xpw IayqWnÌv hn¹h¯nte¡p \bn¡p¶ A\yhev¡cW¯nsâ D¨tImSnbn sXmgnemfn kaqlw F¯nt¨cp¶Xpw. djy³ kmÀ km{amPyw hyhkmbhÂIrXtam _qÀjzmþapXemfn¯]ctam Bbncp¶nà F¶XmWp bmYmÀ°yw. A§bpsSbpw A§bpsS Bib§fpsSbpw am[yØy¯n t_mÄsjhn¡pIÄ Hcp cmPyw Øm]n¡pt¼mÄ djybn \nehnencp¶Xpw Hcp ^yqUÂþImÀjnIkaqlambncp¶p. AXpsImWvSp Xs¶ djy³ hn¹hw A§bpsS Bib§fpsS Hcp FXnÀ sXfnhmWv.
A§bpsS kn²m´a\pkcn¨v BZyambn hn¹hw \St¡WvSnbncp¶ Cw¥WvSn sXmgnemfnIÄ shÌv an\nÌÀ IogS¡p¶XpImWm³ BfpIÄ Ct¸mgpw shdpsX Im¯ncn¡pIbmWv. Ct¸mgs¯ {_n«ojv {][m\a{´n t]cns\mcp tkmjyenÌv sXmgnemfn ]mÀ«nbpsS BfmWv. AXp shdpsamcp te_ am{Xw.
CXp Rm³ At§s¡gpXp¶Xv, Hcp \nKqVmËmZw {]ISn¸n¡m\Ã. Ncn{X¯n \n¶v At§¡v A\oXnbmWp e`n¨sX¶pw Bßobhpw k`m]chpambn Fsâ ap³Kmanbmb sIsäseÀ¡v \oXn e`n¡pIbpWvSmsb¶pw ]dbpIbpaà Fsâ e£yw. A¯csamcp {]hr¯n Fsâ kz`mhaÃ.
Rm³ FgpXp¶Xv asämcp ImcW¯memWv. 20þmw \qämWvSnsâ A´y¯nse {]Xybimkv{X§fpsS t]cn "]mÝmXyapXemfn¯temIw' "]qÀÆ IayqWnÌv temI' s¯ tXmev]n¨XpsImWvSv A§sbbpw A§bpsS Bib§sfbpw Ft¶¡pambn CÃmXm¡nsb¶v A`nam\n¡p¶Xv Aev]w t\cs¯bmbnt¸mbntà F¶v F\n¡p hnNmcapWvSv. At§¡p sXäp]änsb¶v Ignª \qämWvSnsâ cWvSmw ]IpXnbn tXm¶n F¶Xp icnbmWv. thX\hyhØIÄ, sXmgnemfnIfpsS AhImi§Ä, kmaqlnIþsXmgnÂ\oXn F¶nh hgn aÕcm[njvTnXamb kaqlambn amdnb apXemfn¯ hyhkmbhÂIrXkaqlw NqjWhnt[bcmb CcIÄ F¶ \nebn It¼mfhyhØnXnbnse sXmgnemfnIsf AXnsâ KpWt`màm¡fmbn amäpIbpWvSmbn. FÃmhÀ¡pw t£aw km[yamIpw F¶ tXm¶epWvSmbn. lms_Àamkns\ Hcn¡Â IqSn D²cn¡mw: Cu kmlNcy§fn ""`mhnbn hn¹hw \St¯WvS sXmgnemfnIÄ sXmgnemfnIfÃmXmbn¯oÀ¶p.''