tZlamkIew ]pgp¯ {hW§Ä, hncepIÄ {Zhn¨v ASÀ¶pt]mb Imev]mZ§Ä, am\y·mcpsS ap¶n {]Xy£s¸Sm\mhm¯hn[w hnIrXcq]w. acWmk¶\mb Umanb\¨sâ Nn{XamWnXv. IpjvTtcmKnIÄ¡pthWvSn Pohn¨v IpjvTtcmKnbmbn AImeNcaaSª henb a\pjykvt\ln! Ffnbhcn {InkvXphns\ ZÀin¨ Xo£vWaXnbmb anj\dn. ZpÀKÔw han¡p¶, ]gp¯p\mdnb a\pjyt¡me§Ä¡nSbnte¡v {`m´amb kvt\lmthit¯msS HmSn¡bdnb Cu hnIrXcq]w C¶v kzÀ¤obmcma¯nse ]cnafw ]c¯p¶ ]\n\oÀ ]pjv]amWv.
s_ÂPnb¯nse epshbv³ ]«W¯n\Sp¯v s{Saep F¶ {Kma¯n 1840 P\phcn 3þmw XobXn {^m³kokv hyqÌdnsâbpw Imt¯m hyqt«gvknsâbpw F«p k´m\§fn Ggma\mbn Hcp km[mcWIpSpw_¯n P\n¨ tPmk^v hyqÌdmWv ^m. Umanb³ F¶ t]cn hniz{]kn²\mbXv. D¯aIt¯men¡mPohnXw \bn¨ncp¶ B IpSpw_¯nse A´co£w tPmk^nsâ ]pWyPohnX¯n\pÅ Dd¨ ASn¯dbmbncp¶p. sNdp¸¯n¯s¶ klPohnItfmSpÅ ImcpWyhpw Zo\m\pI¼bpw tPmk^n hnf§nbncp¶p. Ahsâ ]nXmhv {_bn³ se tImwsXbnepÅ tImfPn Ahs\ ]T\¯n\b¨p. ]Tn¨v Hcp sXmgn t\SpI F¶Xnep]cn Hcp anj\dnbmIm\pÅ AS§m¯ A`n\nthiw AhsâbpÅnepWvSmbncp¶p. Xsâ A`nemj]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\mbn "^mtZgvkv Hm^v Z tk{I«v lmÀ«v Hm^v Pokkv B³Uv tacn' k\ymkk`bn tNcpIbpw Umanb³ F¶ t]cv kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At±l¯nsâ tPyjvT³ AKtÌ F¶ ^m. ]mw^nte B k\ymkk`bnse Xs¶ AwKambncp¶p. Imcyamb hnZym`ymkanÃmXncp¶XpsImWvSv Umanb³ ]utcmlnXy]Zhn¡\ptbmPy\mtWmsb¶v A[nImcnIÄ Hcpthf kwibns¨¦nepw Ahsâ _p²niànbpw t{]jnXXo£vWXbpw Xncn¨dnª AhÀ Ahs\ sshZnI\m¡m³ Xocpam\n¡pIbmbncp¶p. ]T\Ime¯v FÃm Znhkhpw hensbmcp anj\dnbmb hn. {^m³kokv tkhydnsâ cq]¯n\pap¼n \n¶psImWvSv Hcp anj\dnbmbn Abbv¡s¸Sm\pÅ Xo{hamb B{Klt¯msS Umanb³ {]mÀ°n¡pambncp¶p. B {]mÀ°\ ^eaWnbm³ Gsd\mÄ Im¯ncnt¡WvSn h¶nÃ. anj³ZuXyhpambn lhmbv Zzo]pIfnte¡p t]mIm³ \ntbmKn¡s¸« tPyjvT³ ^m. ]mw^nte tcmK_m[nX\mbXns\¯pSÀ¶v Umanb³ B ZuXy¯n\mbn \ntbmKn¡s¸«p. temIw apgph³ BZcthmsSbpw AÛpXt¯msSbpw Däpt\m¡nb Hcp tkh\CXnlmkw AhnsS Bcw`n¡pIbmbncp¶p.
1864 amÀ¨v 19þ\v lhmbv XeØm\amb tlmtWmepephn h¶nd§nb Umanb³ AhnsS Xmakn¨v Xsâ sshZnI]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. 1864 sabv 21þ\v "HuhÀ teUn Hm^v ]okv' I¯o{U tZhmeb¯n _nj]v ssas{Kän \n¶v Umanb³ ]utcmlnXyw kzoIcn¨p. ]ntähÀjw lhmbv Zzo]nse hS¡³ tImlebn anj³ {]hÀ¯\¯n\mbn At±lw \ntbmKn¡s¸«p. Xo£vWXbmsecnbp¶ Hcp sshZnI\mbncp¶p Umanb³. Hcp \nanjwt]mepw ]mgm¡phm³ At±l¯n\pWvSmbncp¶nÃ. a\pjysâ Bßobmhiy§Ä \ndthäns¡mSp¡p¶nXnt\msSm¸w Ahsâ kmaqlnI, km¼¯nI ]cnX:ØnXnIfnte¡pIqSn At±lw Cd§ns¨¶p. lhmbnsebpw samtfmt¡mbnsebpw ]e tZhmeb§fpw At±lw kz´w Ic§ÄsImWvSp \nÀ½n¨hbmbncp¶p.
A¡me¯v lhmbnse P\§Ä Hcp ISp¯ BtcmKy{]XnkÔnsb A`napJoIcn¨psImWvSncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. hntZi\mhnIcnÂ\n¶pw hym]mcnIfnÂ\n¶pw aäpambn hnhn[ kmw{IanItcmK§Ä Xt±ihmknIÄ¡p ]SÀ¶p]nSn¨p. C³^vfph³km, kn^nekv, aäp ]IÀ¨mhym[nIÄ F¶nh _m[n¨v At\Imbnc§Ä \nÊlmbcmbn acn¨phoWp. IpjvTtcmK¯nsâ B{IaWambncp¶p AXy´w `oIcw. {]Xnhn[n IWvSp]nSn¡s¸SmXncp¶ B almamcn¡pap¼n a\pjy³ \nÊlmb\mbncp¶p. IpjvTtcmKw \mSpapgph³ AXnio{Lw ]SÀ¶p]nSn¡p¶XpIWvSv 1865þ AXnsâ hym]\w XSbp¶Xn\pÅ \nbaw Kh¬saâv ]mÊm¡n. AX\pkcn¨v IpjvTtcmKnIsf Iq«t¯msS s]mXpkaql¯n \n¶SÀ¯namän samtfmt¡mbnse Iemthm, Ieu]m] F¶nhnS§fnse tImf\nIfn IpSn]mÀ¸n¨p. ]mds¡«pIfpw kap{Zhpw tNÀ¶v {]IrXnXs¶ thensI«n¯ncn¨ XS¦Â ]mfbw Xs¶bmbncp¶p Cu tImf\nIÄ. 1866 \pw 1969 \pw CSbn Ieu]m] Zzo]nte¡p Xs¶ F®mbnc¯ne[nIw IpjvTtcmKnIsf Ab¨n«psWvS¶p ]dªm AhcpsS B[nIyw F{Xam{Xambncps¶¶v Duln¡m³ km[n¡p¶tXbpÅq. \cIXpeyamb PohnXamWv IpjvTtcmKnIsf AhnsS Im¯ncp¶Xv. AhÀ¡v `£Ww hnXcWw sN¿s¸«ncps¶¦nepw aXnbmb sshZyklmbtam acp¶pItfm e`yam¡m\pÅ kwhn[m\§fpWvSmbncp¶nÃ. tcmKmhØbnepw \nXyhr¯n¡mbn AhÀ¡p a®n ]WnsbSpt¡WvSn h¶p. F¶m Irjn¡\ptbmPyaÃm¯ Øehpw AhcpsS tcmK¯nsâ {]tXyIXbpw an¡t¸mgpw AhcpsS {ias¯ hn^eam¡nbncp¶p. aZy]m\hpw ssewKnIAcmPIXzhpw B`mkIcamb PohnXhpw \m«p\S¸mbncp¶p.
IpjvTtcmKnIsf ip{iqjn¡p¶Xn\pw AhcpsS Bßobmhiy§Ä \ndthäp¶Xn\pw Hcp sshZnIs\ At§m«bbvt¡WvSXmhiyamsW¶ Xncn¨dnhn _nj]v ssa{Käv AXn\pÅ \S]SnIfmcw`n¨p. Hcmsf \nÀ_Ô]qÀÆw At§m«bbv¡p¶Xv acWin£ hn[n¡p¶Xn\p XpeyamsW¶v At±l¯n\dnambncp¶Xn\m Btcbpw \nÀ_Ôn¨nÃ. F¶m ssZhmßmhn\m t{]cnXcmbn \mep sshZnIÀ B sshjayw \ndª ZuXytasäSp¡m³ kt´mj]qÀÆw X¿mdmbn. AXnsemcmÄ ^m. Umanb\mbncp¶p. Hmtcmcp¯cpw \nÝnXImebfhn amdn amdn B ZuXyw GsäSp¡m\mWv _nj]v \nÀt±in¨Xv. BZyDugw ^m. UmanbtâXmbncp¶p. 1873 tabv 10þ\v Ieu]mbnse IpjvTtcmKotImf\nbn At±lw ImepIp¯n. AsXmcp henb kl\kac¯nsâ XpS¡ambncp¶p.
AhnsS¡WvS `oIcZriy§Ä Umanb\nse a\pjykvt\lnsb ]nSn¨pe¨p. PohnX¯n kÀÆ{]Xo£Ifpw ssIhn«v acWsa¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ am{Xw ap¶n¡WvSp Pohn¡p¶ ]pgp¡fcn¡p¶ a\pjycq]§Ä! tZlw apgph³ ]gp¯v {hW§fpambn \ne¯ngbp¶hÀ; hncepIfäpt]mb ssIImepItfmSpIqSnbhÀ; amwkw ASÀ¶pt]mbn AØn sXfnª icocchpambn \S¡p¶hÀ; s]m«nsbmgpIp¶ {hW§fn \n¶v ]pgp¡sf s]dp¡p¶hcpw icocw am´n¡odp¶hcpw; F§pw a\pjyamwkw AgpInb cq£KÔw! ^m. Umanbsâ IÀ½]Y¯nse AhØ CXmbncp¶p. At±lw AhnsSsb¯pt¼mÄ F®qdne[nIw tcmKnIÄ AhnsSbpWvSmbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ BZytPmen AhnsSsbmcp tZhmebw \nÀ½n¡pIbmbncp¶p. Hcp sshZnIs\¶ \nebn Bßobmhiy§Ä am{Xw \ndthäns¡mSp¡p¶Xn At±lw Xsâ tPmen ]cnanXs¸Sp¯nbnÃ. tcmKnIfpsS Noªp\mdp¶, ]pgp¡fcn¡p¶ apdnhpIÄ h¨psI«n, hmktbmKyamb hoSpIÄ kzIc§ÄsImWvSp \nÀ½n¨psImSp¯p; InS¡IfpWvSm¡n; acn¡p¶hÀ¡pthWvSn ihs¸«nIÄ DWvSm¡n; Ahsc IpgnIÄ Ipgn¨v kwkvIcn¨p. FÃmänepap]cnbmbn At±lw Ahsc KmVambn kvt\ln¨p. Iemthmbnse¯n Bdpamkw Ignªt¸mÄ Xsâ ktlmZc³ ]mw^nsebv¡v At±lsagpXn, ""...AhscsbÃmw tbip{InkvXphn\pthWvSn t\Sp¶Xn\mbn IpjvTtcmKnItfmsSm¸w Rm\pw IpjvTtcmKnbmIp¶p'' Xsâ ap¼n hm]nfÀ¶p\n¡p¶ acWsa¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ sXÃpw IqkmsX t\cnSphm³ At±lw k¶²\mbncp¶p. kl\§fneqsS, klPcn {InkvXphns\¡WvSpsImWvSv acW¯nte¡p \o§pt¼mÄ ^mZÀ Umanb\nÂ\n¶v hnip² Umanb\nte¡pÅ Zqc¯nsâ hym]vXn IpdbpIbmbncp¶p.
^m. Umanbsâ klhmkw B A]cnjvIrX kaql¯n\v Hcp hgn¯ncnhmbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ t\XrXz¯n kaql¯n ASnØm\\nba§Ä \S¸m¡n; IpSnepIÄ s]bnâSn¨p at\mlc§fm¡n; hbepIfn Iq«mb {]hÀ¯\whgn ^ew hnfbn¨p; kvIqfpIÄ Bcw`n¨p. Hcp \thm°m\¯nsâ Imlfw AhnsS apg§n. kz´w A`yÀ°\{]Imcw Zzo]phmknIfpsS Bhiy{]Imchpw Xsâ Imemh[n Ignªn«pw Umanb³ samtfmt¡mbn Xs¶ XpSÀ¶p.
1884 Unkw_dnse Hcp kmbmÓ¯n ]Xnhpt]mse tPmenIsfÃmw Ahkm\n¸n¨v Xsâ ImepIÄ NqSpshůn IgpIpt¼mÄ B bmYmÀ°yw At±lw Xncn¨dnªp; Xm\pw Hcp IpjvTtcmKnbmbncn¡p¶p; NqSpw thZ\bpsam¶pw Xncn¨dnbm\mhm¯hn[w kwthZ\tijn \jvSs¸«ncn¡p¶p! tcmK_m[sb¡pdn¨pÅ Xncn¨dnhv At±ls¯ XfÀ¯pIbà IqSpX IÀ½\ncX\m¡pIbmWp sNbvXXv. acWw Xs¶ {Kkn¡p¶Xn\pap¼v XpS§nh¨ ]²XnIÄ ]qÀ¯nbm¡m\pw hoSpIÄ ]Wnbm\pw NpdpNpdpt¡msS At±lw HmSn\S¶p. CXnt\mSIw Xs¶ At±ls¯ klmbn¡m³ cWvSp sshZnIcpw cWvSv AßmbktlmZc§fpw At±lt¯msSm¸w tNÀ¶ncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ Ahkm\\mfpIÄ ]caZb\obambncp¶p. Hcp ssI HSnªpXq§n¡nS¶p; ImepIÄ \ne¯pInS¶ngªp. 1889 amÀ¨v 23þ\v At±lw i¿mhew_nbmIpIbpw XmaknbmsX, Hcp¡t¯msS Ip¼kmcn¡pIbpw Xsâ {hX§Ä \hoIcn¡pIbpw Xncp¸mtYbw kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 1889 G{]n 15þ\v {]`mX¯n Cu temI¯nse Xsâ Hm«w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb B ]pWymßmhv \nXyXbpsS Xoct¯¡v bm{Xbmbn. acn¡pt¼mÄ At±l¯n\v 49 hbÊmbncp¶p. ]ntä¶v, At±lw ]WnX skâv ^nteman\mkv tZhmeb¯n AÀ¸n¡s¸« hn. IpÀ_m\bv¡ptijw tImf\nhmknIfpsS AI¼SntbmSpIqSn `uXnIicocw skant¯cnbnte¡p hnem]bm{Xbmbn sImWvSpt]mhpIbpw kwkvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw BZyw Zzo]n h¶nd§nbt¸mÄ InS¶pd§nb ]´m\qkv ac¨ph«nemWv At±l¯nsâ \nXy\n{Zbv¡pÅ IpSochpsamcp¡nbXv.
1936þ s_ÂPnbw Kh¬saânsâ A`yÀ°\{]Imcw At±l¯nsâ `uXnImhinjvSw P·\m«nte¡p sImWvSpt]mbn. 1995þ At±l¯nsâ heXpIc¯nsâ Xncptijn¸v XncnsIsImWvSphcnIbpw lhmbnse At±l¯nsâ IpgnamS¯n AS¡w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. C¡gnª HIvtSm_À 11þmw XobXn ]cnip² _\UnIvSv 16þma³ amÀ]m¸m tdman Umanbs\ hnip²\mbn {]Jym]n¡pt¼mÄ samtfmt¡mbn \n¶pÅ IpjvTtcmKnIfpw B NS§n ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p.
amdmhym[nIfpsS t]cn ]mÀizhXvIcn¡s¸«hcpsS Zb\obapJ§fn {InkvXpZÀi\w km£mXvIcn¨ Cu alm\p`mh³, IpjvTw _m[n¨ a\kpambn \S¡p¶ ]cnjvIrXkaql¯n\v Bßtim[\bv¡pÅ DÄhnfn \ÂIp¶pWvSv. kpJkuIcy§fpw k¼¯pw s\t©mSp tNÀ¡m³ hy{KXs¸Sp¶ a\pjyÀ¡v, PohnX¯nsemcn¡Ât¸mepw kzImcyZp:J§Ä tXSnt¸mImXncp¶ Cu a\pjykvt\lnsb \{ainckvIcmbÃmsX F§s\ HmÀ¡phm³ Ignbpw?