\{k¯nse ImgvNIfnte¡v F¯p¶Xn\p ap¼v C{kmtbensâ Ncn{Xw Ipsd¡qSn ]cntim[nt¡WvSXpWvSv. C{kmtbensâ Ncn{Xw kpZoÀLhpw kw`h_lpehpw k¦oÀ®hpamWv. F¶m CXpt]msemcp bm{XmtcJbn ZoÀLamb Ncn{XhnhcWw kwKXaÃ.
C{kmtb F¶ t]cv
Dev]¯n ]pkvXI¯n \mw hmbn¡p¶p: ""At¸mÄ Ah³ ]dªp: C\nta \o bmt¡m_v F¶Ã, C{kmtb F¶phnfn¡s¸Spw. ImcWw, ssZht¯mSpw a\pjytcmSpw \o aÃn«p Pbn¨ncn¡p¶p.'' (Dev] 32:28). C{kmtb cmjv{S¯nsâ IY aÂ]nSp¯¯nsâbpw t]mcm«¯ntâXpamWv. ZpÀhn[nItfmSpw {]hmkZpcnX§tfmSpw i{XpP\XItfmSpw ]Ssh«n sImSnb ]oU\§Ä AXnPohn¨v HSphn kz´w cmjv{Sw Øm]ns¨Sp¯ PqXP\XbpsS Akm[mcWamb IYbmWv C{kmtbensâ Ncn{Xw.
B[p\nI C{kmtb cmjv{S¯n\v 62 hÀjs¯ ]g¡tabpÅq. ss__nfn hmKvZm\w sNbvXncp¶ C{kmtb shdpw k¦ev]w am{Xambncp¶p. ]Ýntajybn a[y[cWymgnbpsS Xoc¯p InS¡p¶ C{kmtb temIs¯ GI PqX cmjv{SamWv. NpäpapÅ Ad_ncmPy§tfmSv ]Ssh«nbn«pw XIcmsX \nesImÅp¶ C{kmtb B[p\nI Ncn{X¯nse AZv`pX§fnsem¶mWv.
PqXNcn{Xw
C{kmtbensâ Ncn{Xw ]Tn¡m³ PqXaX¯nsâbpw PqXkaql¯nsâbpw Ncn{Xw Npcp¡ambn AdnbWw. A{_ml¯nÂ\n¶v X§fpsS ]c¼c Bcw`n¡p¶psh¶p temIsa¼mSpapÅ blqZÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. blqZcpsS ]c¼cmKX [mcWb\pkcn¨p saks¸t«manbmbnse (C¶s¯ Cdm¡v) DuÀ F¶ P\]Y¯nÂ\n¶p Im\m³tZit¯¡v (C¶s¯ C{kmtbÂ) A{_mlw _n.kn. cWvSmbncmamtWvSmSp IqSn IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯p. At±l¯nsâ aI³ Cklm¡v, Cklm¡nsâ aI³ bmt¡m_v, bmt¡m_nsâ 12 a¡Ä F¶nhcneqsS B P\X hfÀ¶p s]cpIn. ssZhwXs¶bmb HcÚmX ]pcpj\pambn a¸nSp¯¯n GÀs¸« bmt¡m_n\v ssZhw C{kmtb F¶ t]cp \ÂIn. bmt¡m_pw 12 a¡fpw ]n¶oSv `£Ww tXSn CuPn]vXnse¯n. B ]{´WvSv t]cpsS A\´cmhIminIÄ 12 tKm{X§fmbn hnIkn¨p.
Imew Gsd IS¶pt]mbn. At¸mÄ CuPn]vXnse ^dthmamcn HcmÄ C{kmtb P\§sf ASnaIfm¡n ]oUn¸n¡m³ XpS§n. C{kmtb¡mÀ 480 hÀjw AhnsS ASna¯¯n Ignªp. _n.kn. 1250þ1200 ImeL«¯n tamibpsS t\XrXz¯n CuPn]vXnse ASna¯¯nÂ\n¶pw tamNnXcmbn hoWvSpw amXr\mSmb Im\m³ tZit¯¡p Xncn¨ph¶p. Cu kw`hamWv ]gb \nba¯nse ]pd¸mSv ]pkvXI¯n hnhcn¡p¶Xv. Hcp P\Xsb¶ \nebn C{kmtb¡mcpsS cq]hXvIcWw kw`hn¨Xp tamibpsS t\XrXz¯nepÅ {]bmWt¯msSbmWv. tamibpsS t\XrXz¯n ]pd¸mSv Bcw`ns¨¦nepw tPmjzmbpsS t\XrXz¯nemWv C{kmtb¡mÀ Im\m³tZiw IogS¡nbXv. 12 tKm{X§Ä¡mbn AhÀ `qan ]¦n«p \ÂIn. AhnsS `cWw \nÀhln¨ncp¶Xv \ymbm[n]·mÀ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ `cWm[nImcnIfmbncp¶p.
_n.kn.BbncmamtWvSmSp IqSn aäp cmPy§fnset¸mse C{kmtbenepw cmP`cWw Bcw`n¨p. kmhqÄ Bbncp¶p BZys¯ cmPmhv. kmhqfn\ptijw ZmhoZv cmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv 12 tKm{X§Ä tNÀ¶v Hä cmPyambn amdnbXv. ZmhoZv cmPmhv hmKvZ¯ `qan apgph³ bp²w sNbvXp kz´am¡n. Pdpkew cmPy¯nsâ XeØm\ambn {]Jym]n¨p.
ZmhoZn\ptijw tkmfa³ `cWtaäp. tkmfasâ Ime¯v cmPyw k¼Âkar²n ssIhcn¡pIbpw tZhmebw \nÀ½n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. tkmfasâ Imetijw _n.kn. 931þ C{kmtb cWvSp cmPy§fmbn hn`Pn¡s¸«p. hS¡pÅ ]¯p tKm{X§Ä tNÀ¶v C{kmtb cmPyhpw sX¡pÅ bqZm, _©an³ tKm{X§Ä tNÀ¶p bqZm cmPyhpapWvSmbn (1 cmP 12.)
_n.kn. 721þ Akodnb³ `cWm[n]\mb jÂams\kÀ A©ma³ C{kmtb ]nSn¨S¡n. A§s\ C{kmtb Ncn{X¯nÂ\n¶v A{]Xy£ambn. ]n¶oSv C{kmtb F¶ t]cn Hcp cmPyapWvSmIp¶Xv 1948emWv.
\{k¯v
\{k¯v c£mIcNcn{X¯nse {][m\s¸« Hcp ØeamWv. AhnsS h¨p adnb¯n\v tbiphnsâ P\\s¯¡pdn¨pÅ Adnbn¸v e`n¨p: ""Bdmwamkw K{_ntb ZqX³ Keoenbn \kd¯v F¶ ]«W¯nÂ, ZmhoZns³d hwi¯nÂs¸« tPmk^v F¶pt]cmb ]pcpj\pambn hnhml\nivNbw sNbvXncp¶ I\yIbpsS ASpt¯¡v, ssZh¯m Abbv¡s¸«p. AhfpsS t]cv adnbw F¶mbncp¶p.''(eq¡ 1: 26þ27). tbiphnsâ _meyImew sNehgn¨Xv \{k¯nembncp¶p.
\{k¯v F¶ hm¡n\v ]pjv]w, apf Fs¶ms¡ AÀ°apWvSv. "s\äv kÀ' F¶ AdambIv aqe¯nÂ\n¶mWv Cu hm¡nsâ \njv]¯n. ""PkvskbpsS IpänbnÂ\n¶v Hcp apf InfnÀ¯phcpw; Ahs³d thcnÂ\n¶v Hcp imJ s]m«n¡nfnÀ¡pw''.(Gi¿ 11:1) F¶ {]hN\w Cu t]cv A\zÀ°am¡p¶p. tbiphnsâ Ime¯v \{k¯v sNdnsbmcp {Kmaaambncp¶p. F¶m C¶v \{k¯v Keoenb {]nhniybpsS XeØm\hpw Gähpw henb ]«WhpamWv. C¶v \{k¯v HcpAd_v ]«WamWv. Hcp e£t¯mfw BfpIÄ AhnsS hkn¡p¶p. \{k¯n Ct¸mÄ aq¶v XoÀ°mS\tI{µ§fpWvSv. {Ko¡v HmÀ¯tUmIvkv awKfhmÀ¯]Ån, awKfhmÀ¯bpsS It¯men¡m _ken¡, hnip² butk¸nsâ ]Ån F¶nhbmWv Ah.
{Ko¡v HmÀ¯tUmIvkv awKfhmÀ¯ ]Ån
\{k¯n awKfhmÀ¯bpsS cWvSp tZhmeb§fpWvSv. Hcp At¸m{In^ þAXmbXv ss__nfns\ A\pIcns¨gpXnb F¶m ss__nÄ {KÙambn AwKoIcn¡s¸Sm¯þ ]pkvXI¯n ]dbp¶X\pkcn¨v ]cnip²I\yImadnb¯n\v awKfhmÀ¯ e`n¡p¶Xv amXmhv shÅsaSp¡p¶Xn\v InWdnsâ Icbn F¯pt¼mgmWv. amemJbpsS A`nhmZ\w tI«v `b¶ adnbw ho«nte¡v HmSn. AhnsS X\n¡pWvSmb ssZhnI shfn]mSns\¡pdn¨p Nn´n¨psImWvSncp¶t¸mÄ amemJ hoWvSpw {]Xy£s¸SpIbpw awKfhmÀ¯bpsS cWvSmw `mKw Adnbn¨p sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXpsh¶mWv IY. amXmhn\v awKfhmÀ¯ e`n¨ InWÀ ØnXn sNbvXncp¶ Øe¯v ss_kâbn³ ImeL«¯nepw Ipcnipbp²Ime¯pw tZhmeb§Ä DWvSmbncp¶p. Ct¸mgpÅ tZhmebw 1741þ \nÀ½n¨XmWv. Cu tZhmebw hnip² K{_ntb amemJbpsS \ma¯n Øm]nXamWv. tZhmeb¯n\pÅn adnbw shÅsaSp¡p¶Xns\ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ Hcp InWdpw Ddhbpw ImWmw.
awKfhmÀ¯bpsS It¯men¡ _knen¡
awKfhmÀ¯bpsS It¯men¡m _knen¡bnemWv R§Ä ]cnip² IpÀ_m\ AÀ¸n¨Xv. IpÀ_m\ AÀ¸n¨v hN\ktµiw \ÂInbXv ^m.tPmk^v ]cpht·embncp¶p. ssZh¯nsâ hN\w ]cnip² I\yImadnb¯n AÛpX§Ä krjvSn¨psh¶pw hN\w DÄs¡mÅpt¼mÄ \½psS PohnX¯nepw cq]m´coIcWw kw`hn¡psa¶pw At±lw HmÀ½s¸Sp¯n. ssZhhN\¯n\p ImtXmÀ¡m\pw hN\w Pohn¡m\papÅ Xocpam\t¯msS FÃmhcpw Znhy_enbn ]¦ptNÀ¶p.
k`m]nXmhmb Fhptk_nbqknsâ (263þ 339) km£y{]Imcw Xnt_cnbmkn \n¶pÅ tPmk^v F¶bmfmWv BZyambn amXmhnsâ awKfhmÀ¯ Øe¯v tZhmebw ]WnIgn¸n¨Xv. XpSÀ¶v ss_kâbn³ Ime¯v AXp ]pXp¡n¸WnXp. F¶m 614þ t]Àjy³ B{IaW¯n AXp XIÀ¡s¸«p. 629þ slcm¢nbqkv tZhmebw ]p\cp²cn¨p. 1263þ apÉow B{IaW¯n AXp hoWvSpw XIÀ¡s¸«p. 1620 apX Cu Øew {^m³knkvI³ sshZnIcpsS ssIhiamWv. 720þ t{Kmt«mbpsS apIfnembn henb ]Ån ]WnXp. \nehnepÅ ]Ån 1960þ69 Ime¯v \nÀ½n¨XmWv.
awKfhmÀ¯m _knenbv¡v FSp¯p]dtbWvS Nne {]tXyIXIfpWvSv. AXp at²yjybnse Gähpw henb tZhmebamWv. cWvSp\neIfpÅ tZhmebamsW¦nepw AXnsâ a[y`mKw H¶mbn cq]Iev]\ sNbvXncp¶p. CXp {InkvXphnsâ GI hyànXzhpw cWvSp kz`mhhpw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xn\v klmbn¡p¶p. ]pXnb _knen¡ ]WnXncn¡¶Xv ]gb ]ÅnIfnepWvSmbncp¶ awKfhmÀ¯bpsS t{Kmt«m tI{µoIcn¨mWv. ]Ån¡I¯v AXv Ct¸mgpw ImWmw.
]ÅnbpsS BIrXn {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. ]ÅnbpsS cq]Iev]\ Hcp enÃn ¸pjv]w apIfnÂ\n¶pw Xmtg¡p hnSÀ¶p \n¡p¶ hn[¯nemWv. CXp c£Isâ a\pjymhXmcs¯bmWv kqNn¸n¡pI. ]ÅnbpsS ap³`mK¯p\n¶p t\m¡nbm Hcp k{ImcnbpsS BIrXnbmWv AXn\pÅXv. CXv BZys¯ k{Imcnbmb ]cnip²A½sb kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
]ÅnbpsS {]thi\ IhmS§fn c£mIc kw`h§Ä Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p. krjvSn apX k`bpsS ]pXnb apJw hsc AhnsS {]XoImßIambn AhXcn¸n¨n«pWvSv. ]ÅnbpsS NpäpaXnenepw ]ÅnbpsS cWvSmw\nebnse `n¯nbnepambn temI¯nsâ hnhn[`mK§fn hW§s¸Sp¶ amXmhnsâ {]Xncq]§Ä Nn{XoIcn¨n«pWvSv. Atacn¡bnse hmjnwKvSWn amXmhn\p kaÀ¸n¡s¸«n«pÅ tZhmeb¯nsâ NphcpIfn hnhn[cmPy§fnse amXmhnsâ Nn{X§Ä {]XnjvTn¨n«pÅXv HmÀ½bn h¶p. AhnsS C´ybptSXmbn thfm¦®n amXmhnsâ Nn{XamWv {]XnjvTn¨n«pÅXv. aebmfw DÄs¸sS ]Xn\t©mfw `mcXob`mjIfn thfm¦®n amXmhv F¶v FgpXnbn«pWvSv.
hnip² butk¸nXmhnsâ ]Ån
amXmhnsâ awKfhmÀ¯bpsS tZhmeb¯n\p kao]¯mbn hn.butk¸nXmhnsâ \mat[b¯nepÅ ]Ån ØnXn sN¿p¶p. hn.butk¸nsâ ]Wnime DWvSmbncp¶ Øe¯v ]Ån \nÀ½n¨ncn¡p¶psh¶mWv ]c¼cmKX hnizmkw. Ct¸mgpÅ tZhmebw 1914þ ]Wn Ign¸n¨XmWv. ss_kâbn³ Ime¯pw Ipcnip bp²kab¯pw AhnsS tZhmebw DWvSmbncp¶p. ]pXnb tZhmeb¯nsâ {In]väntebv¡v Cd§nbm ]gb tZhmeb§fpsS AhinjvS§Ä ImWmw. cWvSp\neIepÅ tZhmeb¯nsâ ASn\nebmWv {In]väv.