kzX{´\mbn ]nd¶phogp¶ a\pjy³ FhnsSbpw N§eIfnemWv F¶p s\SphoÀ¸n«Xv {^©p ZmÀi\nI³ dqtÊmbmWv. PohnX¯nsâ FÃm taJeIsfbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp kmam\y\nco£Wambn Cu Bibs¯ AwKoIcn¡Wsa¶nÃ. 1789 se hn¹h¯n\p ap¼v {^m³kn \nehnencp¶ cmjv{Sob AcmPIXzhpw Ip¯gnª P\PohnXssienbpw Nn´mZmcn{ZyhpamWv dqtÊmsb s¡mWvSv A§s\ ]dbn¸n¨Xv. {^©p hn¹h¯n\p ss[jWnIhpw [mÀ½nIhpamb {]tNmZ\w \evIns¡mWvSv 1762þ {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«, At±l¯nsâ "tkmjy tIm¬{SmIväv' F¶ hnJymX{KÙ¯nse \ocn£WamWnXv.
kzmX{´y¯nsâ Adp]¯naq¶mw ]nd¶mfmtLmjn¡p¶ C´ybv¡v, temI¯nse Gähpw henb P\m[n]XycmPyw F¶ \nebn ]qÀWkzmX{´yw AhImis¸Smhp¶XmWv. 1947 HmKÌv 15þ\v \ap¡p e`n¨Xv cmjv{SobkzmX{´yamWv. AXp ]n¶osSmcn¡epw ssItamiw hcm³ \ap¡nSbmbn«nÃ. cmjv{SobkzmX{´yw aäp kzmX{´y§fpsS XpS¡w am{XamWv. cmjv{S]nXmhp almßPn A¡me¯pXs¶ C¡mcyw C´y³ P\Xsb HmÀ½n¸n¡pIbpWvSmbn. C\n \½Ä hnZym`ymk]chpw km¼¯nIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb kzmX{´yw IqSn kzbw t\SnsbSp¡Ww F¶t±lw \nÀt±in¨ncp¶p.
Cu taJeIfn KmÔnPn B{Kln¨Xpt]msebpÅ kzmX{´yw \½Ä t\Sn¡gntªm? A`n{]mbhyXymkapWvSmImhp¶ tNmZyamWnXv. D¯cw ]dbp¶Xn\pap¼v HmÀ½n¨ncnt¡WvS Hcp Imcyw, cmjv{SobkzmX{´yw t]mse aqÀ¯amb Hc\p`haà aäp kzmX{´y§Ä F¶XmWv. `uanIamb am\ZÞ§Ä sImWvSv IrXyamb AXncpIÄ \nÝbn¡mhp¶ cmjv{SobkzmX{´y¯nt·Â DWvSmImhp¶ AXnÀ¯newL\§Ä Hcp cmPy¯nsâtaepÅ B{IaWambn¯ocp¶p. AXns\ {]Xntcm[n¡m³ thWvSXv Bbp[iànbpw AXp ssIImcyw sN¿m\pÅ am\htijnbpamWv.
F¶m hnZym`ymkkzmX{´y¯nsâbpwaäpw Imcyw hyXykvXamWv. sshÚm\nIhnImkw IqSpX t\Snb cmjv{S§fn \n¶v bmsXmcp _m[yXbpanÃmsX \ap¡Xv kz´am¡mw. aebmf¯nse BZy sk¡peÀ hmÀ¯m{]kn²oIcWw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv 1847 HIvtSm_dn XetÈcnbn \n¶p ]mÝmXyanj\dn slÀ½³ KpWvSÀ«v {]kn²oIcn¨ ]ÝntamZbamWv. AXnsâ BZye¡w BapJ¯n KpWvSÀs«gpXnbXv, ]mÝmXycmPy§fnepWvSmbncn¡p¶ sshÚm\nIapt¶äw tIcf¯nse P\§Ä¡p ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWp amknIbpsS {][m\e£yw F¶mbncp¶p. ]nev¡me¯p \½Ä t\Snb hnZym`ymkhnIk\w ]mÝmXyhnZym`ymkamXrI kzoIcn¨psImWvSmbncp¶sÃm. AXphgn \½Ä hnZym`ymkkzmX{´yw \jvSs¸Sp¯pIbà ssIhcn¡pIbmWp sNbvXXv. kmwkvImcnIkzmX{´y¯nsâ Imcyhpw C§s\ Xs¶. \½psS A`nam\amb BÀjkwkvImc¯n\v ss{IkvXh, CÉmw kwkvImc§fpsS km¶n[y¯neqsS Hcp \qX\apJhpw ImenI{]kànbpw ssIhcnIbmWpWvSmbXv.
km¼¯nIkzmX{´ys¯bpw \½Ä C¯c¯n thWw hnebncp¯pI. hntZicmPy§fn \n¶p ISw hm§pItbm A´mcmjv{S\mWb\n[nIfn \n¶p hmbv]sbSp¡pItbm sN¿p¶XpsImWvSv \ap¡p km¼¯nIkzmX{´yw \jvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. adn¨v \½psS k¼ZvLS\ F¡mes¯bpwImÄ iàn {]m]n¡pIbmWv sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. C¯c¯nepÅ sImSp¡Â hm§epIfnÃmsX Asæn BtKmfIq«mbvabpsS `mKambn¯ocmsX Hcp cmPy¯n\pw kz´ambn hfcm\mhnÃ. kzÀ®w ]Wbw hbvt¡WvSn h¶ \mWw sI« kmlNcy¯neqsS Nne `cWIqS§fpsS Bkq{XWsshZKv[yanÃmbva aqew C´ybv¡p IS¶pt]mtcWvSn h¶n«psWvS¦nepw F¡mes¯bpw anI¨ hntZi\mWytiJchpambn inckpbÀ¯n \nev¡m³ C¶p \ap¡p Ignbp¶pWvSsÃm. C¡mcy¯n \ap¡n¶v A©mw Øm\apWvSpXm\pw.
F¦nepw, kzmX{´yw F¶p tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ ]ecpw C{Xt¯mfw hniZambn Nn´n¨p hnebncp¯m³ X¿mdmhpIkm[mcWaÃ. AhcpsS a\Ên {][m\ambpw IS¶phcp¶Xp cmjv{SobkzmX{´y¯nsâ ImcyamWv. AXp kw_Ôn¨mhs« hyXykvXho£W§Ä DWvSmhpIbpw sN¿mw. 1947 BKÌv 14þ\v AÀ²cm{Xnbn cmjv{S¯nsâ ]cam[nImcw C´y³ t\Xm¡fpsS ssIIfnte¡p {_n«³ Gev]n¨psImSp¯p F¶pw BKÌv 15 apX C´y ]qÀ® kzX{´amWv F¶pw km[mcWKXnbn FÃmhcpw Xncn¨dnbp¶p.
F¶m C´ybnse {]apJcmjv{SobI£nIfnsem¶mb C´y³ IayqWnÌp]mÀ«n Hcp Ime¯v CXwKoIcn¨ncp¶nÃ. 1947 BKÌv 15\p tijhpw C´ybv¡p kzmX{´yw In«nbn«nà F¶p apdhnfn Iq«ns¡mWvSp \S¡m³ AhÀ¡p bmsXmcp kt¦mNhpw DWvSmbnÃ. 1948 s^{_phcn 28 apX amÀ¨v Bdphsc I¡¯bn tNÀ¶ AhcpsS cWvSmw]mÀ«n tIm¬{Kkv D¶bn¨ hnNn{Xamb Hcp hmZhpw CXmbncp¶sÃm. C´y kzX{´ambn«nsöv FÃmhcpw AwKoIcn¨p. XpSÀ¶v C\nbsX§s\ t\SWw F¶ Imcy¯n A`n{]mbhyXymkambn. Hcp Iq«À hmZn¨p, tkmhyäv amXrIbn kzmX{´yw t\SnsbSp¡Ww! asämcp Iq«À AXnt\mSp tbmPn¨nÃ. ssN\okv amXrIbn kzmX{´yw t\SWw F¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS \ne]mSv!
C¶v AhÀ C¡mcyw HmÀ¡m³ t]mepw B{Kln¡p¶nÃ. AXn\p ImcWapWvSv. ]nev¡me¯v ctWvSm aqt¶m tÌäpIfn A[nImc¯nse¯m³ Ignsª¦nepw C´y³ P\XbpsS a\Ên IayqWnÌp]mÀ«nbpsS P\{]oXn {Km^v A\p{Iaw Xmgv¶phcnIbmWpWvSmbXv. kmam\y_p²n¡p \nc¡m¯ \ne]mSpIÄ kzoIcn¨v P\§sf I_fn¸n¡p¶ AhcpsS X{´§Ä C´y³P\X AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ.
ckIcamb asämcp hkvXpX IqSnbpWvSv. djy, ssN\ XpS§nb cmPy§sfmgnsI atäsX¦nepw P\m[n]XycmPyhpambn C´y X{´{][m\amb GsX¦nepw IcmdpWvSm¡nbm IayqWnÌp]mÀ«nIfn¶p apdhnfn Iq«p¶Xv C´ybpsS ]cam[nImcw ]Wbs¸Sp¯p¶p F¶mWv. 1947þ e`n¡m¯ ]cam[nImcw F§s\bmWmthm ]Wbs¸Sp¯pI!
C´y³ kzmX{´ykacw Ncn{X¯nse Häs¸« kw`hamWv. kqcy\kvXan¡m¯ {_n«ojv km{amPy¯ns\Xnsc Bbp[saSp¡msX bp²w \bn¨ almßmKmÔnbpsS Alnwkm[njvTnXho£Ww temI¯n\p \evInb DZm¯amb Hcp kacamXrIbmWXv. tNmcsbmgp¡msX, FXncmfnIsf sIms¶mSp¡msX hn¹hw hnPbn¨ Hcp IYbpw Ncn{X¯n\p ]dbm\nÃ. \½psS AbÂcmPyamb _w¥mtZiv 1972þ ]Ýna]m¡nØm\n \n¶p kzmX{´yw hm§nsbSp¯Xpw lnwkmßIamÀ¤¯neqsSbmWv. almßmKmÔnbpsS amXrIbpWvSmbncp¶n«pw F´psImWvS§s\ kw`hn¨p?
KmÔnPn ]dbpambncp¶ Hcp hkvXpXbpWvSv. kl\kacw am\y\mb i{Xphnt\mtS ]äq. a\pjyPoh\p bmsXmcp hnebpw Iev]n¡m¯ Hcp `cWm[nImcns¡Xnsc kXy{Klw A\pjvTn¡p¶bmÄ ]«nWn InS¶p NmhpItb DÅq. A¯csamcp `cWt\XrXzamWp ]m¡nØm\pWvSmbncp¶Xv. AhÀ ]qÀÆ]m¡nØmsâ kzmX{´yhmRvOsb Bbp[wsImWvSp sISp¯n¡fbm³ {ian¨p. klnsI« Ing¡³ ]m¡nØm³ P\Xbpw B{IaW¯nsâ hgn sXcªSp¡m³ \nÀ_ÔnXambn.
Z£nWm{^n¡bnse Idp¯hÀ¤¡mcpsS tamN\¯n\pthWvSn s\Âk¬ atWvSe BZyw KmÔnPnbpsS kacamXrIbmWp kzoIcn¨Xv. ]t£ ]ns¶¸ns¶ At±l¯nsâ {]Øm\w Bbp[saSp¡pIbpw atWvSe AdÌp sN¿s¸«p Poh]cy´w XShn\p in£n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. 1964 apX 1990 hsc \oWvS 26 hÀj¡mew At±l¯n\p Pbnen IgntbWvSn h¶p. hnNmcW\mfpIÄ IqSn tNÀ¯m hÀjw 28 BIpw.
]t£, C´ybn KmÔnPnbpsS t\XrXzw AwKoIcn¨ Hcp t\Xmhn\pw C¯csamc\p`hw DWvSmbnÃ. \ncmbp[cmbn kacw sN¿p¶hÀs¡Xnsc em¯nbpw tXm¡pw D]tbmKn¡m³ t]mepw {_n«ojpImÀ¡p s]mXpsh ssha\kyambncp¶p. adn¨mbncps¶¦n e£¡W¡n\v C´y¡mÀ¡p Poh³ _en Ignt¡WvSn hcpambncp¶p.
KmÔnPnbptSXp shdpsamcp cmjv{Sobkacambncp¶nÃ. AXn\v "tZiob{]Øm\w' F¶p t]cp hoWX§s\bmWv. icoc¯nsâbpw a\Ênsâbpw ip²n¡p KmÔnPn henb {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. FXncmfnsb CÃmXmt¡WvS i{Xphmbn«Ã tXmev]nt¡WvS kplr¯mbn«mWt±lw IWvSXv. kzmX{´ykac¯neqsS almßPn C´y³P\Xbv¡p khntijamb Hcp PohnXho£Whpw IÀ½]cn]mSnbpw \ÂIn. BÀjkwkvImc¯nsâ B[p\nIapJambncp¶p AXv. kzmX{´ykacw hnPbw IWvSt¸mÄ C´y³ P\X ]pXnsbmcp kmwkvImcnI]cnhÀ¯\wIqSn ssIhcn¨p. aqeym[njvTnXcmjv{Sobw F¶ Bibw ChnsS thtcmSnbX§s\bmWv. C¡mcy¯n almßPn¡p amÀ¤ZÀi\w \evInbXv {io_p²sâ {]t_m[\§fmbncp¶p F¶ Imcyhpw {i²nt¡WvSXmWv.
almßmKmÔn cq]w \ÂInb kXy{Klw, At±lw A\pjvTn¨ D]hmk§Ä, hÀKobXbvs¡XnscbpÅ Dd¨\ne]mSpIÄ, kapZmbkulmÀ±¯n\pthWvSnbpÅ ITn\bXv\w, PohnXNcybpsS `mKam¡n amänb {]mÀ°\mkt½f\§Ä, ZfnXv kap²mcW¯n\p \evInb {]m[m\yw, Abn¯¯n\pw Akv]riyXbv¡psaXnscbpÅ IÀ½]cn]mSnIÄ, Cuizchnizmkhpw aXaqey§fpw kw_Ôn¨ kpXmcyamb ImgvN¸mSv, \· \ndª PohnX¯n\pthWvSnbpÅ DZvt_m[\§Ä þ kzmX´y¯nte¡pÅ ]mXbn ChsbÃmw C´y³ P\Xbv¡p e`n¨ hgnhnf¡pIfmbncp¶p. C¶pw \½psS kzmX{´yhpw P\m[n]Xyhpw kpc£nXambn \nesImÅp¶Xnsâ ]n¶nse iàntI{µw almßPnbpsS khntijkzmX{´yho£Ww Xs¶bmWv.
C´y³ kzmX{´ykac¯nsâ A]qÀÆXbmWp almßmKmÔnsb C¶p IqSpX IqSpX temI{i²bnte¡p sImWvSphcp¶Xv. kl\¯nsâ ]mX kzoIcn¡p¶ cmjv{Sob{]hÀ¯IÀs¡ms¡ At±lamWp amXrIbpw {]tNmZ\tI{µhpw. hÀWhnthN\¯ns\Xnsc t]mcmSnb càkm£nbmb amÀ«n³ eqYÀInwKv Atacn¡³ KmÔn F¶mWp hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. s\Âk¬ atWvSesb ]ecpw Z£nWm{^n¡³ KmÔn F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. 1986þ C´ybnse¯nb tPm¬t]mÄ cWvSma³ amÀ]m¸m \½psS a®n ImepIp¯nb DSs\ ]dªXv, "B[p\nItemI¯nsâ {]iv\§Ä¡p apgph³ {]Xnhn[n almßmKmÔn' bmsW¶mbncp¶p. 2007þ sFIycmjv{Sk` KmÔnPnbpsS P·Zn\w temIs¯ kam[m\Zn\ambn {]Jym]n¨p. ]pXnb Atacn¡³ {]knUâv _dmIv H_ma almßmKmÔntbmSpÅ At±l¯nsâ Bcm[\bpw BZchpw ]eXhW shfns¸Sp¯nbn«pWvSv.
1857þse H¶mw kzmX{´ykacw \nÀ±bw ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«Xv, AsXmcp kmbp[t]mcm«ambncp¶XpsImWvSmWv. Z£nWm{^n¡bnÂ\n¶p KmÔnPn aS§nsb¯n kzmX{´ykac¯nsâ t\XrXzw GsäSp¡p¶Xn\pap¼v C´ybpsS hnhn[ `mK§fn {_n«ojv iàns¡Xnsc \nch[n kmbp[Iem]§fpWvSmbn«pWvSv. ]t£, At±l¯nsâ hcthmsS A´co£w amdn. GXmWvSp ImÂ\qämWvSpImew £atbmSpw klnjvWpXtbmSpw AtXkabw Xs¶ BÀ¡pw XIÀ¡m\mhm¯ kzmX{´yhmRvOtbmSpwIqSn At±lw C´y³ P\Xsb AlnwkmßIhpw A{IaclnXhpamb kac]mXbn sI«pdt¸msS \bn¨p; hnPbw hcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
]t£, hÀ¯am\Imekaqlw Cu almXymK¯nsâ ]mT§Ä AdntbWvSXpt]mse Adnbp¶nÃ. Adnbnt¡WvShÀ Adnbn¨psImSp¡m³ ad¶pt]mhpIbpw sNbvXp. Hcn¡Â ap³{][m\a{´n CµncmKmÔn Cu hkvXpX NqWvSn¡mWn¡pIbpWvSmbn. C´y³ kzmX{´ykac¯nsâ XymK]mT§Ä ]pXnb Xeapdbv¡p ]dªpsImSp¡m³ \½Ä ad¶pt]mbXmWv C´ybv¡p kw`hn¨ ]cmPbsa¶mbncp¶p, BßhnaÀi\¯nsâ Xo£vWXbpÅ B \nco£Ww.
C¶p ]pXnb Xeapd kmbp[ iànbn hnizkn¡p¶p. Bbp[¯nsâ `mj kwkmcn¡p¶p. a\pjyPohsâ hnesb¸än bmsXmcp DXvIWvTbpanÃm¯ Hcp hn`mKw hgnsXän k©cn¡p¶p. AlnwkbpsS ]mT§Ä AhÀ ad¶pt]mbncn¡p¶p. hnZym`ymkzmX{´y¯nsâbpw kmwkvImcnIkzmX{´y¯nsâbpw ZpÀhn\ntbmKamWv Cu hn]¯nsâ ImcW§fnsem¶v. CXp IqSpX iàn t\Snbm Hcp]t£, \½psS cmjv{SobkzmX{´y¯n\pt]mepw shÃphnfn DWvSmtb¡mw. AXn\nShcmsX, amXr`qanbpsS kzmX{´ys¯ I®nse IrjvWaWnt]mse Aaqeyambn¡mWp¶ Hcp ho£Whpw kao]\hpw ChnsS hfÀ¶p htcWvSXpWvSv. kzmX{´yw AarXamWv, AXp Poh\mWv F¶ kXyw C´y¡mÀ Hcn¡epw ad¡mXncn¡s«.