bqtdm¸n t]mepw AwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xn\p hfsc ap¼v {InkvXphÀjw H¶mwiXI¯n¯s¶ tIcf¯n {InkvXpaXw {]Ncn¨ncp¶psh¶Xv C¶v FÃmhcpw Xs¶ AwKoIcn¡p¶pWvSv. F.Un. 68þ sImSp§Ãqcnse¯nb blqZÀ AhnsS {InkvXym\nIsf IWvSXmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pWvSv. tIm¬Ìâbn³ N{IhÀ¯n F.Un.325þ \S¯nb kmÀhtZiob ss{IkvXhkt½f\¯n C´ybpsS sa{Xmt¸meo¯ F¶ t]cn tPml¶kv ]s¦Sp¯Xmbn tcJbpWvSv. F.Un.345þ Im\mbn sXm½\pw 72 IpSpw_§fpw tIcf¯nse¯n Xmakamcw`n¨p. CsXÃmw kqNn¸n¡m³ ImcWw C¶v tIcf¯n ImWp¶ kwLSnX aX§fn BZyw ChnsS {]Ncn¨Xpw Xt±iobambn hnIkn¨Xpw ss{IkvXhcmsW¶p NqWvSn¡mWn¡m\mWv.
hntZicmPy§fpsS B{IaWtam kwLSnXamb anj\dn {]hÀ¯\tam IqSmsXbmWv ChnsS ss{IkvXh kaqlw DSseSp¯p hfÀ¶Xv. Irjn, I¨hSw XpS§nb taJeIfnseÃmw Cu kaqlw Gähpw ap¼´nbn F¯nt¨À¶Xmbn ImWmw. tIcf¯nse {InkvXym\nIÄ hnizmk¯n {InkvXym\nIfmbncps¶¦nepw `mj, thjw XpS§nbhbnseÃmw tIcfob kaqlhpambn ]qÀ®ambpw CW§ntNcp¶XmWv \mw ImWp¶Xv.
apIfn \mw ImWp¶ Imcy§Ä¡p tijw F{Xtbm \qämWvSpIÄ IgnªmWv t]mÀ«pKokpImcpw aäpw tIcf¯nse¯nbXv. AhcpsSsbm¶pw klmbw IqSmsX Xs¶ tIcf¯nse ss{IkvXh kaqlw ChnSs¯ kaql¯nse FÃm {]hÀ¯\§fpsSbpw Np¡m³ ]nSn¡m³ am{Xw hfÀ¶ncp¶p. `cWm[nImcnIfpw km[mcWP\§fpw ss{IkvXhkaqlt¯mSp hfsc kulrZ]cambmWv hÀ¯n¨Xv. tIcf \thm°m\¯nsâ XpS¡w A§s\ {InkvXphÀjmcw`t¯msS ChnsS XpS§n. ]ÅnIfpw ]Ån¡qS§fpw Øm]n¨v Bßobhpw `uXnIhpamb Imcy§Ä ]Tn¡pIbpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw khÀ® AhÀ® hyXymkanÃmsX FÃmhscbpw H¶n¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ iànbmbn ss{IkvXhÀ amdn.
hnZym`ymkhpw
ss{IkvXh kaqlhpw
GsXmcp kaql¯nsâbpw hfÀ¨bn hnZym`ymk¯n\p ]ca{][m\amb Øm\apWvSv. C´ybn tIcfsamgn¨pÅ kwØm\§fn ImWp¶ kmaqlnI hyhØnXn þ [\nIcpw Zcn{Zcpw am{XaS§p¶XmWv. [\nIÀ FÃmcwK¯pw apt¶dp¶p. hnZym`ymkþBtcmKyþ`cWcwK§Ä AhcpsS ssIIfnemWv. F¶m tIcf¯n aäv kwØm\§fnse t]msebpÅ Zcn{ZÀ \qämWvSpIÄ¡p ap¼pXs¶ CÃmXmbn. AhÀ hnZybneqsS hfÀ¶v CS¯c¡mcmbn.
AXn\pÅ t{]cI iànbmbn¯oÀ¶Xv ChnSps¯ ss{IkvXh kaqlamWv. 1806þ eWvS³ anj\dn skmsskän Xncph\´]pc¯v Bcw`n¨ kvIqfmWv C¶s¯ bqWnthgvknän tImfPmbn hfÀ¶sX¶ hkvXpX \½psS ss{IkvXh kaqlw t]mepw Adnbp¶pWvSmhnÃ. 1816þ tIm«b¯v kn.Fw.Fkv kvIqÄ XpS§n. AXmWv C¶s¯ kn.Fw.Fkv tImfPmbn amdnbXv. 1821þ BZys¯ {]kv tIm«b¯v XpS§n. AXpw anj\dnamcpsS kw`mh\ Xs¶. A§s\ tIcf¯nse B[p\nI hnZym`ymk¯n\p cWvSp \qämWvSp ap¼p Xs¶ ss{IkvXhkaqlw XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. tIcf¯nse kmaqlnI A\mNmc§fpsS ISbv¡Â h¨ I¯nbpw tIcf kaql¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpsS AfhptImepambn ]Ånbpw ]Ån¡qShpw amdpIbmbncp¶p. Xncph\´]pcs¯ BZy Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ Øm]n¨v \qämWvSp Ignªv cq]saSp¯ þ1939þ IayqWnkamWv tIcf \thm°m\¯nsâ \mbIsc¶pw AhcmWv tIcf¯nse PmXn, Nn´IÄ¡dpXnhcp¯nbsX¶pw kmaqlnIambn tIcfw t\SnbsXÃmw \mcmbWKpcp, IayqWnkw XpS§nb hyànIfpw {]Øm\§fpw ImcWamsW¶v Hcp hn`mKw C¶v BfpIsf ]dªp ]Tn¸n¡pt¼mÄ Asöp ]dtbWvShÀ {]mtbW \ni_vZcmhp¶p.
AhÀ® kaql¯n\v s]mXphgnbneqsS \S¡m\pw taÂhkv{Xw [cn¡m\pw CSbmbXv {InkvXy³ kzm[o\wsImWvSmWv. AhÀ® kaql¯nse kv{XoIÄ ta hkv{Xw [cn¡m\pÅ kzmX{´yw t\SnbXpw XpSÀ¶p \S¶ Nm¶mÀ elfbpsams¡ Ncn{XamWv. Imen sNcn¸nSm\pw ]«n¡pt]mepw \S¡m³ kzmX{´yapÅ hgnbneqsS \S¡m\pw ChnSps¯ _lp`qcn]£¯n\p IgnªXv ss{IkvXh kzm[o\w H¶psImWvSpam{XamWv