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tam¬.Cu\mkv
Häs¯§p¦Âv |
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P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ
`mhn
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P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ
{]tXyIX `qcn]£`cWw F¶XmWv. ChnsS A]ISw ]Xnbncp¸pWvSv.
D¯chmZnXzt_m[anÃm¯ `cWIqSamsW¦nÂ
arKob`qcn]£w `qcn]£m[n]Xy¯nte¡pw \bn¡pw.
CXv \yq\]£§fpsS Ac£nXmhØbv¡p
ImcWamIpIbpw sN¿pw.
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am\h]ptcmKXnbnÂ
cq]w {]m]n¨XmWv hnhn[ `cWkwhn[m\§Ä. tKm{X§sf
\bn¡m\pw `cn¡m\pw tKm{X¯eh·mcpWvSmbncp¶p.
{ItaW cmP`cWw (Monarchy)
DSseSp¯p. IgnhpÅ GXm\pw t]À IqSn \S¯p¶
`cW{IaamWv {]`p`cWw
(Oligarchy). `cWobcpsS XmÂ]cyw AhKWn¨v kz´w
XmÂ]cyw am{Xw e£yam¡n hyànItfm kwL§tfm
\S¯p¶ `cWcoXnbmWv GIm[n]Xyw (Dictatorship).
]co£W§Ä¡pw \nco£W§Ä¡pw
A\p`h§Ä¡pw hnt[bambn \qämWvSpIfneqsS cq]s¸«
`cWkwhn[m\amWv P\m[n]Xyw.
Untamkv (P\w) ImÀt¯mkv(`cWw) F¶o cWvSp {Ko¡p]Z§Ä
tNÀ¶XmWv Untam{Ikn AYhm P\m[n]Xyw F¶ ]Zw. P\§Ä¡pthWvSn
P\§Ä Xs¶ `cn¡p¶ kwhn[m\amWnXv. t¹täm
P\m[n]Xys¯ hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv `cWobcpsS `cWw
F¶mWv. Cu `cW{Ia¯n ]uc·mcpsS ]¦mfn¯apWvSmIpw.
`cW]¦mfn¯w {]Xy£tam ]tcm£tam BImw. {]Xy£P\m[n]XycoXnbnÂ
k½XnZmbIscÃmhcpw t\cn«v \nba\nÀ½mW¯nÂ
]s¦Sp¯v thm«psNbvXv Xocpam\saSp¡p¶p.
F¶m P\m[n]Xyw ]tcm£sa¦n XncsªSp¡s¸«
P\{]Xn\n[nIÄ am{Xambncn¡pw NÀ¨ sNbvXv
Xocpam\saSp¡p¶Xv.
P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ CuänÃamb GX³knÂ
{]Xy£P\m[n]Xyw \nen\n¶ncp¶p. ChnsS ]pcpj·mÀ¡p
am{Xta \nba\nÀ½mWk`bn kw_Ôn¡m³
AhImiapWvSmbncp¶pÅq. kv{XoIÄ¡pw ASnaIÄ¡pw
Cu AhImiw \ntj[n¨ncp¶p. GItZiw cWvSp e£¯n
A¼Xn\mbncw DWvSmbncp¶ P\kwJybn ap¸Xn\mbncw
t]À am{Xta \nba\nÀ½mWk`bn AwKXzapÅhcmbn
DWvSmbncp¶pÅq. CXn A¿mbncw t]cnÂ
Xmsg am{XamWv {Iaambn k`mkt½f\§fn F¯nbncp¶Xv.
{]Xy£P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ ]cmPbw \mw ChnsS ZÀin¡p¶p.
]pcmX\{Koknse knän sÌbnän _n.kn. \mepw
A©pw \qämWvSpIfpsS a[y¯n cq]s¸«XmWv
P\m[n]Xyw. {KokmWv P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ DÛhtI{µambn
IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶sX¦nepw `mcXw, tdmw,
saks¸mt«manb apXemb {]mNo\kwkvImc§Ä P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ
DÛh¯n\pw hfÀ¨bv¡pw Imcyamb kw`mh\
\ÂInbn«pWvSv.
a[yiXI¯n XncsªSp¡s¸« ]e kanXnIfpw
{]Xn\n[n k`Ifpw {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw.
F¶m Chbnse {]mXn\n[yw \nb{´nXambncp¶p.
{]`p`cWamWv {][m\ambpw \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. a[yiXIbqtdm¸nÂ
]ptcmlnXcpw CS{]`p¡·mcpambncp¶p `cWIÀ¯m¡fmbn
DWvSmbncp¶p.
]mÀesaânsâ amXmhv F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv
Cw¥WvSnse P\{]Xn\n[n k`sbbmWv. cmPmhnsâ A[nImcw \nb{´n¨psImWvSpÅ
amámImÀ«m P\m[n]XyNcn{X¯nse \mgnI¡ÃmWv.
1265 emWv sXcsªSp¡s¸« ]mÀesaâv
Cw¥WvSn BZyambn \nehn hcp¶Xv. hfsc \nb{´nXambncp¶p
{]Xn\n[nk`mKwXzw. kv{XoIÄ¡v thm«hImiapWvSmbncp¶nÃ.
1689þ _n Hm^v ssdävkv \nbaambtXmSpIqSn
]mÀesaânsâ AhImiw hÀ²n¨p.
{ItaW Cw¥WvSn P\m[n]Xyw ]IzXbnte¡p hfÀ¶p.
Atacn¡bnÂ, tImf\n `cWIme¯v shÅ¡mcmb
`qhpSaIÄ¡p am{Xambncp¶p thm«hImiw. 1788þÂ
Atacn¡³ `cWLS\ IqSpXÂ ]¦mfn¯apÅ
P\{]Xn\n[n k`bv¡p cq]w \ÂIn. F¦nepw kv{XoIÄ¡v
thm«hImiapWvSmbncp¶nÃ. B`y´cbp²¯n\ptijw
1860 Â ASnaIÄ¡pw \maam{Xamb thm«hImiw
\ÂIpIbpWvSmbn. {ItaW Atacn¡bnepw P\m[n]Xyw iàn{]m]n¨v
]IzXbnse¯n.
bqtdm¸nse ]e cmPy§fnepw {]tXyIn¨v {^m³kv,
\yqkne³Uv, F¶o cmPy§fn ]Xns\«v ]s¯m¼Xp
\qämWvSpIfn P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ Bcw`w Ipdn¨psh¦nepw
Ah A[nIw \mÄ \ne\n¶nÃ. 19þmw \qämWvSnsâ
Ahkm\`mKw hsc hfsc Npcp¡w cmPy§fn am{Xta P\m[n]Xy`cW{Iaw
DWvSmbncp¶pÅq. Cu `cWcoXn \maam{Xambn DWvSmbncp¶
]e cmPy§fpw AXv Dt]£n¡pI IqSn sNbvXp.
Ccp]Xmw\qämWvSnse A\pIqeamb kmlNcy§Ä ]e cmPy§fpw
P\m[n]Xy`cWcoXn kzoIcn¡phm³ ImcWambn. bp²w,
P\Iob hn¹h§Ä, tImf\n`cW¯nÂ\n¶pÅ
kzmX{´yw, aX]chpw km¼¯nIhpamb kmlNcy§Ä
apXembh P\m[n]Xykwhn[m\¯nsâ {]m[m\yhpw Bhiyhpw kzoImcyXbpw
shfns¸Sp¯n. cWvSmw temIalmbp²¯n\ptijw P\m[n]Xy`cWk{¼Zmbw
kzoIcn¡p¶ cmPy§fpsS Hcp ]c¼c Xs¶
ZriyamWv. C¶v 125þÂ ]cw cmPy§fnÂ
P\m[n]Xy`cW{IaamWv \nehnepÅXv.
Ccp]Xmw\qämWvSnsâ BZy]IpXnbn cq]s¸«v
iànbmÀÖn¨ GIm[n]Xy`cWk{¼Zmb§fmWv
\mknkhpw ^mknkhpw IayqWnkhpw. cWvSmwtemIalmbp²¯nÂ
]cmPbaSª \mknÌv `cWIqSw \mknk¯n\v A´yw
Ipdn¨p. F¶m IayqWnkwGIm[n]Xy¯nsâbpw
^mknk¯nsâbpw {]tbmàm¡fpw hàm¡fpambn.
IayqWnk¯nsâ {]Xybimkv{Xw Xs¶ sXmgnemfn hÀ¤kÀÆm[n]Xy¯ne[njvTnXamWv.
tkmhyäv bqWnbsâ XIÀ¨bv¡ptijw ]e
IayqWnÌv \nb{´nXcmPy§fpw P\m[n]Xy]mX kzoIcn¨n«pWvSv.
tkmhyäv bqWnb\pw Cu ZnibnemWp \o§p¶Xv. C¶v
IayqWnÌp ssN\bpw GXm\pw sNdpcmPy§fpw am{XamWv IayqWnÌv
tkzOm[n]Xy`cWkwhn[m\w kzoIcn¨n«pÅXv. C´y³
IayqWnÌp]mÀ«nIfpw ssN\bpsS hàm¡fmWv.
`cWw ]nSn¨S¡m³ Ignªm tkzOm[n]Xy`cWw
Øm]n¡m³ Ignbpsa¶hÀ IcpXp¶p.
tIcfw, ]Ýna_wKmÄ, {Xn]pc F¶o kwØm\§fnse
IayqWnÌv kÀ¡mcpIfpsS {]hÀ¯\coXn
XnI¨pw tkzOm[n]Xy]camWv.
aXm[njvTnX `cWk{¼Zmb§Ä GIm[n]Xy]camWv. aXm[njvTnX`cWcoXn
kzoIcn¨n«pÅ ]e cmPy§fpw aXkzmX{´yw
\ntj[n¡p¶p. `mcXob P\Xm]mÀ«n t]mepÅ
kwLS\IÄ aXm[njvTnX `cW{Ia¯n\pthWvSn \ne\nev¡p¶hcmWv.
hÀ¤obX hfÀ¯nsbSp¯v `cWw ]nSn¨S¡m³
{ian¡p¶Xv Cu e£yw h¨psImWvSmWv.
kaXzw, kzmX{´yw, kmtlmZcyw F¶nh P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ
]ca{][m\amb e£y§fmWv. \nba¯nsâ ap¼nÂ
]uc·mscÃmw ka·mcmWv. ]uckzmX{´y¯nsâbpw
a\pjymhImi§fpsSbpw kwc£Ww P\m[n]Xyw Dd¸m¡p¶p.
A`n{]mbkzmX{´yhpw ]{XkzmX{´yhpw, am[ya§fpsS
BhnjvImckzmX{´yhpw aXkzmX{´yhpw kzmX{´y¯nsâ
Ahn`mPyLSI§fmWv.
P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ {]tXyIX `qcn]£`cWw F¶XmWv.
ChnsS A]ISw ]Xnbncp¸pWvSv. D¯chmZnXzt_m[anÃm¯
`cWIqSamsW¦n arKob`qcn]£w `qcn]£m[n]Xy¯nte¡pw
\bn¡pw. CXv \yq\]£§fpsS Ac£nXmhØbv¡p
ImcWamIpIbpw sN¿pw.
P\m[n]Xy`cWk{¼Zmbs¯ \bn¡p¶Xpw \nb{´n¡p¶Xpw
`cWLS\bmWv. `cWLS\bpsS ]cn[n¡pÅn \n¶pthWw
\nba\nÀ½mWhpw `cWhpw \S¯m³. FgpXs¸«Xpw
FgpXs¸Sm¯Xpamb `cWLS\IfpWvSv. `mcX¯n\v FgpXs¸«
`cWLS\bmWpÅXv. \½psS P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ iàamb
Imh¡mc\mWv `cWLS\.
P\m[n]Xykwhn[m\¯nse Øm]\§fmWv ]mÀesaâv
AYhm \nba\nÀ½mWk`, \oXn\ymbtImSXn, `cW\nÀÆmlIkanXn
F¶nh. A[nImcw Cu aq¶p Øm]\§Ä¡pambn
hoXn¨p \ÂInbncn¡pIbmWv. ChbpsS A[nImcw {]tXyIw
hyhØ sNbvXn«pWvSv. Hmtcm Øm]\hpw AXXnsâ
[À½w A[nImc]cn[n¡pÅn \n¶p
\nÀÆln¡pt¼mÄ P\m[n]Xy{]{Inb kpKaamIpw.
C´ybn Cu Øm]\§fpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä
]et¸mgpw XÀ¡¯n\nSbm¡mdpWvSv. \oXn\ymbt¡mSXnIÄ
AhbpsS ]cn[n hnSp¶p F¶mt£]apWvSv. F¶mÂ
\oXn\ymbt¡mSXnIfpsS AhktcmNnXamb CSs]SepIÄ DWvSmbncp¶nsænÂ
\½psS `cWLS\Xs¶ A«nadn¡s¸Spambncp¶p
F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. C¶s¯ kwhn[m\¯nÂ
]mÀesaâns\ X§fpsS sNm¸Sn¡p
\ndp¯m³ `cW\nÀÆmlIkanXn¡p Ignbpw.
A]ISIcamb {]hWXbmWnXv.
]mÀesaâdn P\m[n]Xyk{¼mZmb¯nÂ
Gähpw {][m\s¸« {]{InbbmWv s]mXpsXcsªSp¸v.
XncsªSp¡s¸Sp¶ P\{]Xn\n[nIfmWv \nba\nÀ½mWk`bnse
AwK§Ä. temI¯nse Gähpw henb P\m[n]XycmPyamb
`mcX¯nse ]mÀesaânte¡pÅ 15þmaXv
s]mXpsXcsªSp¸v {]Jym]\w Ignªp. cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIÄ
A¦¯«n AWn\nc¶psImWvSncn¡p¶p.
kXykÔhpw \oXo]qÀÆIhpw kzX{´hpamb XncsªSp¸mWv
BtcmKy{]Zhpw iàhpamb P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ ASn¯d.
1950 P\phcnbn `mcX¯nsâ `cWLS\ \nehnÂ
h¶p. `mcXw ]ctam¶X dn¸»n¡mbn. G{]nÂamk¯nÂ
]mÀesaâv {]mXn\n[y\nbaw ]mÊm¡n. 21
hbÊmb FÃmhÀ¡pw thm«hImiw e`n¨p.
sam¯w 17.6 tImSn k½XnZmbIcmbncp¶p DWvSmbncp¶Xv.
kXykÔhpw \oXn]qÀÆIhpw kzX{´hpamb XncsªSp¸p
\S¯m³ NpaXes¸« Øm]\w Ce£³
I½oj\mWv. `cWLS\m\pkrXambpÅ kzX{´Øm]\amWv
Ce£³ I½oj³. XncsªSp¸v {]Jym]\w
apX ^e{]Jym]\w hscbpÅ Imcy§Ä {i²m]qÀÆw
\S¯m\pÅ NpaXe Ce£³ I½oj\mWv. kÀ¡mcnsâbpw
DtZymKØcpsSbpw cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIfpsSbpw s]mXpP\§fpsSbpw
klIcWw Ce£³ I½ojsâ Imcy£aamb {]hÀ¯\¯n\v
BhiyamWv.
1950 amÀ¨n ]Ýna_wKmÄ No^v sk{I«dnbmbncp¶
kpIpamÀ sk³ No^v Ce£³ I½ojWdmbn
\nbanX\mbn. a\pjyNcn{X¯nse Gähpw henb P\m[n]Xy]co£WamWnsX¶v
thms«Sp¸v Bcw`n¡p¶Xn\pap¼v kpIpamÀ
sk³ A`n{]mbs¸SpIbpWvSmbn. hfsc {iaIcamb {]iv\§fmWv
Ce£³ I½oj\v t\cntSWvSnbncp¶Xv. 85 iXam\w
hcp¶ \nc£cÀ F§s\ Øm\mÀ°nIsfbpw
]mÀ«nsbbpw Xncn¨dnbpw? Øm\mÀ°nIÄ¡v
Nn \ÂIn Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn¨p. HcmÄ
H¶ntesd XhW thm«p sN¿p¶Xv XSbm³
thm«d·mcpsS hncen ASbmfw Ip¯m³
Xocpam\n¨p.
sam¯w 4500 aÞe§fnemWv thms«Sp¸p
\St¡WvSnbncp¶Xv. 224000 _q¯pIfpw 20 e£w
Ìo _meäv s]«nIfpw _meäv t]¸À
A¨Sn¡m³ aqt¶ ap¡m e£w
dow t]¸dpw Bhiyambn h¶p. BZy XncsªSp¸nÂ
Hmtcm Øm\mÀ°n¡pw {]tXyIw _meäv
s]«nIfmWpWvSmbncp¶Xv. ]n¶oSmWv _meäv t]¸dnÂ
ap{ZIp¯n Htc s]«nbn \nt£]n¡p¶
coXn DWvSmbXv. thm«nwKv b{´w h¶tXmsS _meäv
s]«nIÄ A{]Xy£ambn. thm«d·msc Xncn¨dnbm³
Xncn¨dnb ImÀUpIÄ \nehn h¶p.
1988þÂ {][m\a{´n cmPohvKmÔn thm«nwKv
{]mbw 21 Â \n¶v 18 Bbn Ipd¨p. XncsªSp¸n\v
Øm\mÀ°nIÄ¡v ]camh[n sNehgn¡mhp¶
XpI kw_Ôn¨ hyhØ \nehnepWvSmbncp¶p.
XncsªSp¸p I½ojsâ A[nImchpw tijnbpw F{Xam{XapsWvS¶v
cmPy¯n\p ImWn¨psImSp¡m³ Ignª Ce£³
I½ojWdmWv Sn.F³. tij³. 1990þÂ tij³
Ce£³ I½oWdmbn. s]mXpsXcsªSp¸v Nn«bmbpw
{Iaambpw \nbam\pkrXambpw \S¯p¶Xn\pÅ GÀ¸mSpIÄ
At±lw sNbvXp. CÑmiànbpw \nÝbZmÀVyhpapWvSmbncp¶ptij\v
Hcp ]cn[n hsc \½psS Ce£³ cwKw kwip²am¡m³
Ignªp.
`mcX¯nse XncsªSp¸p coXn aäp ]e cmPy§fnse
coXnIsf¡mÄ sa¨s¸«XmWv. F¶mÂ
\½psS sXcsªSp¸p coXn¡pw ]e t]mcmbvaIfpWvSv.
BsIbpÅ k½XnZmbIcn 50 iXam\¯n\pw 60
iXam\¯n\panSbv¡mWv thm«hImiw D]tbmKn¡p¶hÀ.
\mtem At©m Øm\mÀ°nIÄ aÕccwK¯psWvS¦nÂ
10 \pw 15 \pw CSbv¡v iXam\w thm«p In«p¶hÀ
P\{]Xn\n[nIfmIpw. Hcp sNdnb \yq\]£¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nbmbncn¡pw
]mÀesaân AwKXzw t\Sp¶Xv.
thm«hImiapÅhÀs¡Ãmw thm«p
sN¿m\pÅ kmlNcyw \jvSamIp¶ kµÀ`§Ä
DWvSmImdpWvSv. DtZymKØ·msc kzm[o\n¨v thm«À]«nIbnÂ
\n¶v AhImis¸«hcpsS t]cpIÄ \o¡w sN¿p¶
{]hWX hym]IamWv. cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIÄ X§Ä¡\pIqenIfÃm¯hscbmWv
C{]Imcw \o¡w sN¿p¶Xv. thm«Àamsc
`ojWns¸Sp¯n thm«p sN¿p¶XnÂ
\n¶v ]n³Xncn¸n¡mdpWvSv. thm«ÀamÀ¡v
]mcntXmjnIhpw ]Whpw \ÂIn {]oWn¸n¨v thm«p
t\Sphm³ {ian¡p¶ Øm\mÀ°nIfpw
]mÀ«nIfpapWvSv. _q¯pIÄ ]nSns¨Sp¯v
`oIcm´co£w krjvSn¨v XncsªSp¸p {]{Inbbv¡v
XSÊapWvSm¡mdpWvSv. \nc£cXbpw Zmcn{Zyhpw AÚXbpw
kzX{´hpw kXykÔhpamb thms«Sp¸n\p XSÊambn
\nev¡p¶ Imcy§fmWv.
P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ kPoh{]hÀ¯Icpw kwc£Icpambncp¶p
cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIÄ. Cu `cWcoXnbpsS BtcmKy{]Zamb
hfÀ¨bv¡pw \ne\nev]n\pw cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIÄ
klmbn¨n«pWvSv. F¶m P\m[n]Xy`cW{Ia¯nÂ
cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIÄ Hgnhm¡m³ ]äm¯
Xn·bmbn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. s]mXpXmÂ]cy§Ä¡XoXambn
]mÀ«nt\Xm¡·mcpsSbpw {]hÀ¯IcpsSbpw
XmÂ]cy§Ä kwc£n¡m\mWv ]mÀ«nIÄ
{ian¡p¶Xv. At¸mÄ P\m[n]Xyw I£n B[n]Xyambn
amdpw. ^e¯n \½psS P\m[n]Xyw I£n B[n]XyamWv.
I£nIÄ amdnamdn hcp¶X\pkcn¨v B[n]Xy¯n\p
amäapWvSmIpsa¶p am{Xw. ]mÀ«n \nÀt±ia\pkcn¨p
am{Xta AwK§Ä¡v ]mÀesaânÂ
A`n{]mbw ]dbm\pw thm«p sN¿m\pw IgnbpIbpÅq.
]mÀ«n kwhn[m\¯n AwK§Ä¡v
a\:km£nkzmX{´yw t]mepw \ntj[n¡s¸SpIbmWv.
Iq«pI£n `cWhpw CXn\v A]hmZaÃ. Iq«pI£n
`cW¯n henb I£nbpsS kzm[o\amIpw {][m\s¸«Xv.
DZmlcW¯n\v, tIcf¯nse `cWkwhn[m\¯n kn]nF½nsâ
tkzOm[n]XyamWv \S¡p¶Xv. XmÂ]cy§Ä
kwc£n¡m³ ]mÀ«nIÄ Iq«p
sh«m\pw ]pXnb Iq«p IqSm\pw Ifsamcp¡p¶p.
Npcp¡¯n ]mÀ«nIÄ X½nepÅ
Ifnbpw H¯pIfnbpambn \½psS P\m[n]Xyw A[:]Xn¨ncn¡p¶p.
XncsªSp¸pthfbn Hmtcm Øm\mÀ°nbpw
sNehm¡p¶ XpI F{XbmWv? sNehm¡p¶ XpIbv¡v
\nb{´WapsWvS¦nepw IW¡n s]Sm¯
sNehpIfmbncn¡pw IqSpXÂ. cmjv{SobI£nIfpsS hcpam\¯nsâ
t{kmXkv GXmWv? ]mhs¸«hsâ ]¡Â \n¶pw
hcpam\w F¯p¶p F¶v IcpXm\mIptam? At¸mÄ
cmjv{Sob£nIÄ BcpsS ]£w ]nSn¡pw? ]mhs¸«hcpsS
]£w tNÀ¶p \n¡p¶p F¶hImis¸Sp¶hÀ
Ip¯IapXemfnamcpsSbpw hyhkmb {]apJcpsSbpw am^nbm kwL§fpsSbpw
]£¯mIpw \n¡p¶Xv. ChcpsS Xmev]cy§Ä
kwc£n¡m\mIpw cmjv{SobI£nIfpsS {iaw. cmjv{Sobw
]Wm[n]Xyambn ]cnWan¡p¶p. kÀ¡mÀ
JP\mhn \n¶v XncsªSp¸n\pthWvSn h³XpI
sNehmt¡WvSn hcp¶p. sNethdnb Cu {]{Inbbv¡\pkcn¨pÅ
{]tbmP\w e`n¡p¶ptWvSm F¶p ]cntim[nt¡WvSXpWvSv.
`mcXw kzmX{´yw {]m]n¨t¸mÄ C´y³
\mjWÂ tIm¬{Kkv ]ncn¨phnSm\mbncp¶p almßmKmÔnbpsS
\nÀt±iw. cmjv{Sob]mÀ«nIfpsS kzm[o\anÃm¯
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X§Ä¡pthWvSntbm am{Xw thm«p sN¿p¶p.
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dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n¨n«psWvS¦nepw
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kzX{´ambpw \oXn]qÀÆIambpw D]tbmKn¡m\pÅ
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At¸mÄ P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ `mhn kpc£nXamIpw.
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Chief
Editor : Fr. Augustine Peedikamalayil
Managing Editor : Fr. Joseph Thadathil
Palai, Kottayam, Kerala, . 686575.
Ph : 04822 . 212842, Fax : 04822 . 212842
Email :editor@deepanalam.com
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