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"amÀIvkv
aS§n hcp¶p' F¶ Xes¡«n {io
_mecma³ 11þ11þ2011 se amXr`qan hr¯m´]{X¯nÂ
Hcp teJ\w FgpXnbncp¶p. GXm\pw ]WvUnX·msc D²cn¨psImWvSv
amÀIvknk¯nsâ {]kàn hÀ²n¨phcp¶psh¶v
At±lw kaÀ°n¡p¶p. ""amÀIvkns\
IrXyambn hymJym\n¡p¶ C¡tWmanÌn\mWv
s\mt_Â ss{]kv sImSpt¡WvSXv. ImcWw, amÀIvkns\t¸mse
`wKnbmbn apXemfn¯w ]Tn¨ aämcpanÃ.'' k¦oÀ®
KZy¯n Hcp \qämWvSpap¼v ImÄ amÀIvkv
]dªsXÃmw Ccp]Xmw\qämWvSv Ahkm\n¡p¶
ZiI¯n A£cw {]Xn kXyambn amdp¶p!
amÀIvkn\p ap¼pw ]n¼pw Pohn¨ apXemfn¯
km¼¯nI imkv{X¯nse BNmcy·mscm¶pw
CtX¸än Nn´n¨n«pt]mepanÃ....
""amÀIvkv Kw`ocambn Im¸näenkw
]Tn¨ hnZymÀ°nbmWv. apXemfn¯w \ne\nev¡p¶nSt¯mfw
Imew amÀIvkn\v {]kànbpapWvSv.'' temIw km¼¯nI¡pg¸¯nÂs¸«pgept¼mÄ,
apXemfn¯¯nsâ ZuÀ_ey§sf {]hNn¨
ImÄ amÀIvknsâ Nn´mtemIw hoWvSpw NÀ¨mhnjbamIp¶p.
1818þ PÀ½\nbn {SbÀ
F¶ Øe¯mWv ImÄ amÀIvknsâ
P\\w. At±l¯nsâ IemebhnZym`ymkw _Àen³
kÀÆIemimebnse sltKenb³ skâdnembncp¶p.
XXzimkv{X¯n At±lw _ncpZhpw tUmIvStdäpw
k¼mZn¨p. Ipd¨pImet¯¡v "RHEINISCHE
ZEITUNG' F¶ PÀ½³ ]{X¯nsâ
]{Xm[n]cmbn ImÄamÀIvkv tPmen t\m¡n. Cu ]{Xw
kÀ¡mÀ \ndp¯em¡n. 1843þÂ
At±lw ]mcoknte¡v Hfnt¨mSnt¸mbn. ChnsS
h¨mWv amÀIvkv GwKÂkns\ IWvSpap«p¶Xv.
GwKÂkpambpÅ ]cnNb¯n\ptijamWv km¼¯nIimkv{X¯nÂ
amÀIvkn\p XmÂ]cyw P\n¡p¶Xv. ]n¶oSv
At±lw PÀ½\nbnte¡p Xncn¨pt]mbn.
F¶mÂ, XmaknbmsX amÀIvkv PÀ½\nbnÂ
\n¶p ]pd¯m¡s¸«p. 1849þÂ
At±lw eWvS\nse¯n. 1883þÂ acn¡p¶Xphsc
amÀIvkv eWvS\nembncp¶p. amÀIvkpw FwKÂkpwIqSn
FgpXnb I½yqWnÌp am\ns^tÌm 1848þÂ
{]kn²s¸Sp¯n. {_n«ojv ayqknb¯nÂ
amÀIvkv ZoÀLImew KthjWw \S¯n. CXnsâ
^eamWv At±l¯nsâ "{In«nIv Hm^v
s]mfnän¡Â Ct¡mWan' "aqe[\'(Das
Capital)¯nsâ BZyhmeyw 1867þÂ ]pd¯nd§n.
CXnsâ _m¡n hmey§Ä At±l¯nsâ
acWtijw 1885\pw 1894 \pw CSbv¡mWv shfn¨w IWvSXv.
Cu hmey§Ä FUnäpsNbvXXv GwKÂkmbncp¶p.
hyhkmbhn¹hw bqtdm¸n henb amä§Ä¡p
XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. ImÀjnI km¼¯nI hyhØnXnbnÂ
\n¶pÅ hyXnbm\w ]e {]iv\§fpw krjvSn¨p.
hymhkmbtaJebnse sXmgnemfnIÄ NqjW¯n\ncbmbn. hyhkmb
DSaIfmb apXemfnamÀ em`w am{Xw t\m¡n hyhkmb§Ä
\S¯n. Cu kmaqly]Ým¯e¯nemWv ImÄamÀIvkv
Xsâ kmaqlykm¼¯nI kn²m´§Ä¡p
cq]w sImSp¯Xv. apXemfn¯ km¼¯nI hyhØnXnbpsS
ZuÀ_eyhpw t]mcmbvaIfpw Xncn¨dnª amÀIvkv
]pXnb hyhØnXn¡p cq]w sImSp¡m³ Blzm\w
sN¿pIbmbncp¶p.
temINcn{Xw amÀIvkv ]T\hnjbam¡n. Ncn{Xs¯
A]{KYn¨v hymJym\n¡m³ At±lw {ian¨p.
hÀ¤kac¯neqsSbmWp Ncn{X¯nsâ ]cnWmaw
\S¡p¶sX¶mWv At±l¯nsâ \nKa\w.
ImÀjnIkm¼¯nIhyhØnXn¡ptijw
cq]s¸«XmWv apXemfn¯hyhØnXn. Cu hyhØnXnbnse
hÀ¤§fmWv sXmgnemfnbpw apXemfnbpw. kmaqly]cnWma
{]{Inbbnse Ahkm\s¯ I®nbmWv apXemfn¯w. Cu L«¯nÂ
hÀ¤kacw cq£amIpw. Cu ]cnWmaw XzcnXs¸Sp¯m³
amÀIvkv sXmgnemfnItfmSp kwLSn¡m³ Blzm\w
sNbvXp. sXmgnemfnIÄ¡v H¶pw \jvSs¸Sm\nsöv
At±lw Ahsc t_m[ys¸Sp¯n. apXemfnIfpsS NqjW¯nÂ
\n¶pÅ tamN\amWv amÀIvkv e£yw h¨Xv.
kwLSnXamb hÀ¤kac¯neqsS apXemfn¯w \nÀ½mÀÖ\w
sN¿m\mhpw F¶v amÀIvkv {]Jym]n¨p. Ahkm\w
sXmgnemfnIÄ am{XapÅ hÀ¤clnXamb kmaqlyhyhØnXn
kwPmXamIpsa¶v At±lw hnizkn¨p. Cu kmaqlyhyhØnXnbnÂ
kzImcy kz¯n\pw cmPy¯n\pw Øm\apWvSmhpIbnÃ.
Hmtcmcp¯cpw FÃmhÀ¡pw thWvSnbpw FÃmhcpw
Hmtcmcp¯À¡p thWvSnbpw Pohn¡p¶
]pXnb BImihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw amÀIvkv hn`mh\ sNbvXp.
CXmWv bYmÀ° tkmjyenÌv hyhØnXn. hfsc
efnXkpµcamb ZÀi\amWnXv.
kaql¯nse hÀ¤obLS\bpw cmjv{Sobk{¼Zmbhpw
kwkvImchpw kaql¯nse DÂ]mZ\coXnsb B{ibn¨mWncn¡p¶sX¶mWv
amÀIvknsâ ImgvN¸mSv. apXemfn¯ hyhØnXnbnÂ
aqe[\w apXemfnamcn \n£n]vXamWv. sXmgnemfnIÄ
shdpw Iqen¡mÀ am{Xw. b{´hXvIrX DXv]mZ\coXnbnÂ
sXmgnemfnIÄ b{´¯nsâ Hcp `mKw am{Xambn
IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. Cu DÂ]mZ\coXn¡\pkcn¨pÅ
kwkvImcw cq]s¸Spw. CXns\ Xm§n \ndp¯p¶
`cWkwhn[m\w \nehn hcpw. Cu hyhØnXnbnse {]_e
hÀ¤§fmWv apXemfnbpw sXmgnemfnbpw.
amÀIvknsâ ImgvN¸mSn DÂ]¶§fpsS
aqeyw \nÀ®bn¡s¸Sp¶Xv AXnÂ
AS§nbncn¡p¶ A[zm\tijnbpsS AYhm sXmgnensâ
tXmX\pkcn¨mWv. AXmbXv sXmgn am{XamWv aqeyapWvSm¡p¶Xv.
At¸mÄ AXp apgph³ sXmgnemfn¡hImis¸«XmWv.
em`w sXmgnemfnsb ]nSn¨p ]dn¨pWvSm¡p¶XmsW¶p
Npcp¡w.
apXemfn¯hyhØnXnbn IqSpX apXÂ
apS¡n b{´hXvIcWw hÀ²n¸n¡pw.
CXnsâ ^eambn sXmgnemfnIÄ¡p sXmgn \jvSs¸Spw.
sXmgnenÃmbvabpw sXmgnemfnIÄ A\p`hn¡p¶
NqjWhpw Zmcn{Zyw hÀ²n¸n¡pw. hn]Wnbne[njvTnamb
apXemfn¯hyhØnXnbn DÅh\pw CÃm¯h\pw
X½nepÅ hnShp hÀ²n¡pw. `qcn]£amfpIfpw
Zmcn{Zy¯nsâ sISpXnIÄ A\p`hn¡pw. Cu ]Ým¯e¯nÂ
hÀ¤kacw cq£amhpIbpw apXemfn¯hyhØnXn
\nÀ½mÀÖ\w sN¿s¸SpIbpw
sN¿psa¶v amÀIvkv {]hNn¨p. am{XaÃ
]pXnb hyhØnXn k¼qÀ®tkmjyenkambncn¡psa¶pw
At±lw ImWp¶p.
ImÄamÀIvknsâ {]hN\w {]mtbmKnIam¡m\pÅ
BZys¯ ]co£WimebmIm\pÅ `mKyapWvSmbXv djybv¡mWv.
1917 se HIvtSm_À hn¹hw kÀ N{IhÀ¯n
`cWIqSs¯ \njvImk\w sNbvXp. hn¹h]mÀ«n
djybpsS `cWw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. t_mÄsjhnIvkv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶
I½yqWnÌp]mÀ«n tkmhnbäv bqWnb\p
t\XrXzw \ÂIn. se\nsâbpw Ìmensâbpw
t\XrXz¯n {]XntemaiànIsf ASn¨aÀ¯n.
ChÀ FXncmfnIsfsbÃmw \nÀ½mÀÖ\w
sNbvXp. ]qÀ®tkmjyenkw Øm]n¡m\pÅ
sXmgnemfnIfpsS GIm[n]Xysa¶v CXns\ hntijn¸n¨p.
A`n{]mbkzmX{´yhpw aXkzmX{´yhpw \ntj[n¡s¸«p.
kzImcykz¯v cmjv{S¯nsâ s]mXpapXem¡n.
Cu `cW¯n³ Iogn km¼¯nI t\«apWvSm¡m³
djybv¡p Ignªp. imkv{Xkmt¦XnI hnZyIfnepw
]ptcmKXnbpWvSmbn. cWvSmw temIalmbp²¯n\ptijapWvSmb
kwJyI£nIfpsS Icmd\pkcn¨v GXm\pw cmPy§fpw IqSn
tkmhnbäv bqWnbsâ A[o\Xbnembn. tkmhnbäv bqWnb³
temIcmjv{S§fpsS CSbn Gähpw iàamb cmPyambn
hf˦p.
fnepw ]ptcmKXnbpWvSmbn. cWvSmw temIalmbp²¯n\ptijapWvSmb
kwJyI£nIfpsS Icmd\pkcn¨v GXm\pw cmPy§fpw IqSn
tkmhnbäv bqWnbsâ A[o\Xbnembn. tkmhnbäv bqWnb³
temIcmjv{S§fpsS CSbn Gähpw iàamb cmPyambn
hf˦p.
I½yqWnÌp{]Øm\w temIsa§pw hym]n¸n¡phm\pÅ
\b§fpw IÀ½]cn]mSnIfpw tkmhnbäv `cWIqSw
Bkq{XWw sNbvXp. t{]jnXXo£vWXtbmSpIqSn Bfpw AÀ°hpw
\ÂIn Cu {]Øm\s¯ tkmhnbäv bqWnb³
klmbn¨p. sXmgnemfnIfpsS dn¸»nIv Øm]n¡pIbmbncp¶p
e£yw. F¶mÂ, hnIknXcmPy§fnsem¶pw
CXn\p thtcm«apWvSmbnÃ. GXm\pw hnIkzc AhnIknXcmPy§fnÂ
CXv kzmKXw sN¿s¸«p. C´ybnÂ
tIcf¯nepw _wKmfnepw {Xn]pcbnepw am{XamWv Cu {]Øm\w
hfÀ¶Xv. \Ivksseäv, amthmbnÌv {]Øm\§Ä
amÀIvknb³ ZÀi\¯ne[njvTnXamWv.
ssN\bnse `cWIqSs¯ A«nadn¨v amthmskXp§v
A[nImc¯n h¶p. ssN\ djybpsS D]{Klambncp¶nÃ;
Hcp kzX{´cmjv{Sambncp¶p. amÀIvknb³
{]Xybimkv{X¯n\\pkcn¨pÅ `cW{IaamWv ssN\bpw kzoIcn¨Xv.
A`n{]mbkzmX{´yhpw aXkzmX{´yhpw \ntj[n¡s¸«
cmPy§fmbncp¶p djybpw ssN\bpw. kÀ¡kv
IqSmc¯nse arK§sft¸mse ]uckaqls¯ Ah ]cphs¸Sp¯n.
arKkwc£Wimebnse arK§Ä¡pÅ kzmX{´yamWv
]uckaqlw A\p`hn¨ncp¶Xv. a\pjy³ A¸w sImWvSpam{XaÃ
Pohn¡p¶Xv.
djybn I½yqWnÌp `cW¯n³ IognÂ
]uckaqlw A\p`hn¨ sImSpwbmX\IfpsS Nn{Xhpw Ncn{Xhpw Ccp¼pad
amdnbt¸mgmWv ]pdwtemIw ImWpIbpw hmbn¨dnbpIbpw sNbvXXv.
amthmskXp§nsâ Iogn ssN\bnse P\§Ä
A\p`hn¨ bmX\Ifpw H«pw Ipdhmbncp¶nÃ.
CsXms¡ A\p`hn¨n«pw amÀIvknÌv
t{]jnXÀ djysb AXnkpµcsa¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶p,
]pIgv¯p¶p, hmgv¯p¶p. ChÀ¡v
ssN\ a[pcat\mÚ ssN\bmWv. C¦znem_v knµm_mZv
ap{ZmhmIyw ZnK´§sf {]I¼\w sImÅn¡p¶p.
ChcpsS Npcp«nb apjvSnIÄ hmbp CSn¨p sXdn¸n¨v
sImSp¦mäv krjvSn¡p¶p. ChcpsS sImSnbSbmf¯nse
AcnhmÄ Acnªp hogv¯m\pw NpänI CSn¨pNXbv¡m\pw
D]IcW§fmIp¶p.
djybn kzmX{´yhmbp izkn¡m³ ]uckaql¯n\v
Ahkcsamcp¡n¯pS§nbXv \nInXm {Iqjvt¨hnsâ
Imew sXm«mWv. anJmtb tKmÀ_t¨hv djybnÂ
P\m[n]Xyw Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨p. 1985þÂ
54þmw hbÊn tKmÀ_t¨hv ]mÀ«n
sk{I«dnbmbn. ]mÀ«nsbbpw kÀ¡mcns\bpw
kpXmcyam¡m\pw P\m[n]XyhXvIcn¡m\pw ]p\:kwLSn¸n¡m\pw
km¼¯nI]ptcmKXn¡v B¡w Iq«m\pw
Ct±lw ]cn{ian¨p.
s]cnkvt{Xmbn¡(]p\:kwLS\)bneqsSbpw ¥mkv t\mkvXv(Xpd¶
kao]\w)¯neqsSbpw cmPys¯ amä¯nsâ
]mXbnte¡p \bn¡m\mbncp¶p tKmÀ_t¨hnsâ
{iaw. 1990þÂ Ct±lw tkmhnbäv bqWnbsâ
{]knUâmbn XncsªSp¡s¸«p. ]t£,
amä§Ä cmPy¯nsâ ]ptcmKXnbnepw k¼ZvhyhØbnepw
{]Xo£n¨ ^ew Dfhm¡nbnÃ. 1990þÂ
kam[m\¯n\pÅ s\mt_Â k½m\w tKmÀ_t¨hn\p
e`n¨p. AwKcmjv{S§Ä Hs¶m¶mbn kzmX{´y¯n\p
apdhnfnIq«n. Hcp A«nadnbneqsS t_mdnkv sbÂkn³
tkmhnbäv bqWnbsâ {]knUâmbn. 1991þUnkw_À
25 \v tKmÀ_t¨hv {]knUâpØm\w cmPnh¨p.
sbÂknsâ \b]cn]mSnIÄ tkmhnbäv bqWnbs\
inYneam¡n. AwKcmjv{S§Ä H¶n\p]ndsI H¶mbn
kzmX{´yw {]m]n¨p. {]knUâv sbÂkn\p tijw
]p«n³ djy³ {]knUâmbn. ]pXnb `cWLS\ A\pkcn¨mWv
Ct¸mÄ djybn `cWw \S¡p¶Xv. ]p«n\ptijw
{]knUâv saZvhtZhnsâ `cWw GsäSp¯p. F¦nepw
]p«n³ Xs¶bmWv `cWN{Iw Xncn¡p¶Xv
]t£, Bimhlamb Hcp ØnXnbnenXphsc djy F¯nbn«nÃ.
ssN\bnepw Cu ImeL«¯n henbamä§Ä¡p
XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. `cWkwhn[m\¯n amäapWvSmbnsænepw
\bIÀ½]cn]mSnIfn Imcyamb amä§fpWvSmbn.
hn]Wnbne[njvTnXamb k¼ZvhyhØ ssN\bn kzoImcyambn.
a\pjymhImi§Ä¡v AwKoImcapWvSmbn. amÀIvknkhpw
{]Xybimkv{Xhpw {]XnkÔn t\cnSpIbmWv. IjvSn¨v Ggp]XnämWvSp
am{Xta I½yqWnk¯n\v BtKmfXe¯n ]nSn¨p\nev¡m\mbpÅq.
amÀIvkv Hcp ZmÀi\nI\mbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ
Ncn{XmhtemI\hpw imkv{Xobamb A]{KY\hpw hniIe\hpamWv. amÀIvknb³
kmaqlnI hnaÀi\w {it²bamWv. F¶m amÀIvknsâ
Ncn{XhymJym\hpw \nKa\hpw {]iv\]cnlmcamÀ¤§fpw
GI]£obamWv. ]£]mX]cambncp¶p At±l¯nsâ
ho£WcoXn. sXmgnemfnIfpsS ]£w ]nSn¨v hÀ¤kac¯n\v
At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. ]Ibpw hntZzjhpw P\n¸n¨v
a\pjys\ X½neSn¸n¡p¶ kao]\amWv amÀIvkv
kzoIcn¨Xv. bYmÀ°am\hnIXsb \in¸n¡p¶
ZÀi\amWnXv. amÀIvknsâ {]kàn \jvSs¸«ncn¡p¶p.
hnizkmtlmZcy¯n\pw Alnwkbv¡pw hyànkzmX{´y¯n\pw
bmsXmcp hnebpw Iev]n¡m¯ ZÀi\amWv amÀIvknkw
\ÂIp¶Xv.
apXemfn¯ k¼ZvhyhØbpsS ZuÀ_ey¯nsâ
{]ISamb A\p`hamWv BtKmf km¼¯nI amµyw. km¼¯nI
A¨S¡cmlnXyhpw Igp¯d¸³ aÕchpamWv
apXemfn¯s¯ Cu ØnXnbnse¯n¨Xv. apXemfn¯
hyhØnXn¡v Hcp _Zeà amÀIvknb³
km¼¯nI kn²m´w. apXemfn¯ km¼¯nIhyhØnXn¡v
ISnªmWnSp¶ \bIÀ½]cn]mSnIfmWmhiyw.
kmaqly\oXn Dd¸p hcp¯p¶ hn[¯nepÅ
\nb{´Ww apXemfn¯hyhØnXnbnemhiyamWv. apXemfn¯¯n\p
]Icamhnà amÀIvknb³ tkmjyenkw. P\m[n]Xy
hyhØnXnbn apXemfn¯ k¼ZvhyhØsb
P\m[n]XyhXvIcn¡m³ IgnbWw. apXemfn¯s¯
Ibdqcn hnSm³ A\phZn¨pIqSm. ChnsS KmÔnk¯n\p
{]kàntbdp¶p. KmÔnb³ ZÀi\hpw
kmaqlyhymJym\hpw hniIe\hpw {]iv\]cnlmcamÀ¤§fpw
DÄs¡mÅm³ Ignbp¶ k¼ZvhyhØbmWv
cq]s¸tSWvSXv. amÀIvkv Xncn¨p hcp¶p F¶Xv
shdpw hymtamlamWv. amÀIvknsâ DbnÀs¯gpt¶ev]v
{]Xo£n¡p¶hÀ kz]v\temI¯mWv. apXemfn¯¯nsâ
ih¡pgnbnÂ\n¶v amÀIvkv DbnÀs¯gpt¶Â¡ptam?
amÀIvknsâ cWvSmwhchv {]Xo£n¡p¶hcpsS
hymtamlamWv amÀIvknsâ DbnÀs¯gpt¶ev]v.
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