{^m³knkv amÀ]m¸ C¡gnª sk]vXw_À 30þmw XobXn, hnip² Ptdmansâ Xncp\mÄ Zn\¯nÂ, ]pds¸Sphn¨ At]dqbn¯v CÃokv (Aperuit Illis) þ "Ah³ AhÀ¡mbn Xpd¶p' F¶ tam¯p t{]m{]nbmbneqsS (kz´w XmXv]cy¯m amÀ]m¸mamÀ \S¯p¶ Blzm\§fmWv tam¯p t{]m{]nb) k`mkaqlt¯mSv Blzm\w sNbvX Hcp ImcyamWv FÃmhÀjhpw ss__nÄ RmbÀ BNcn¡Ww F¶Xv. amÀ]m¸ AXn\mbn \nÝbn¨ncn¡p¶Xv e¯o³ Bcm[\{Ia¯nse km[mcW BgvNIfnse aq¶mw RmbdmgvNbmWv. AXv km[mcWambn P\phcn cWvSmw BgvN AYhm aq¶mw BgvNbnemWp hcp¶Xv. At]dqbn¯v CÃokv F¶ t]cv amÀ]m¸ kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv eq¡mbpsS kphntijw 24þmw A[ymbw 45þmw hN\w þ "hnip² enJnX§Ä {Kln¡m³ X¡hn[w Ah³ AhcpsS a\ÊpIsf Xpd¶p' þ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbmWv. ]m¸ FgpXp¶p: \ap¡v hnip² ss__nfnt\mSv hfsc ASp¯ _Ôw DWvSmIWw. Asæn \½psS lrZb§Ä XWp¯Xpw ASªXpw hnhn[ Xe§fnepÅ AÔXIfm XIÀ¡s¸«XpamIpw. AhnSps¯ hm¡pIÄ tIÄ¡pIbpw \½psS a\Ênsâbpw lrZb¯nsâbpw IhmS§Ä Xpd¡pIbpw sNbvXm AhnSp¶v \½psS PohnX¯n {]thin¡pIbpw \t½msSm¯v F¶pw hkn¡pIbpw sN¿pw.
tIcf It¯men¡mk` sIkn_nknbpsS Blzm\{]Imcw 1979 apX ss__nÄhmchpw ss__nÄ Rmbdpw BNcn¨pt]mcp¶pWvSv. FÃmhÀjhpw {Inkvakv Ignªphcp¶ RmbdmWv C{]Imcw BNcn¡p¶Xv. ssZhhN\hmb\bpw ]T\hpw hfÀ¯pIbpw ss__nf[njvTnX B[ymßnIX cq]s¸Sp¯pIbpamWv e£yw h¨ncn¡p¶Xv. GXm\pw hÀj§fmbn tIcfIt¯men¡mk`m Unkw_À amkw ssZhhN\]mcmbWamkambn BNcn¨pt]mcp¶papWvSv. ssZhhN\w amwkw [cn¨v a\pjy\mbn AhXcn¨Xnsâ HmÀ½ BNcn¡p¶ Unkw_Àamkw ssZhhN\]mcmbWamkambn BNcn¡p¶p F¶Xv Gähpw AÀ°]qÀWamWv F¶v k` ImWp¶p.
blqZÀ X§fpsS ]mc¼cya\pkcn¨v tXmd e`n¨Xnsâ HmÀ½ hfsc BtLmjambmWv sImWvSmSp¶Xv. inavltXmd F¶ t]cn Hcp DÕhwXs¶ sImWvSmSp¶pWvSv. A¶p cm{Xnbn Dd§msX tXmd hmbn¨psImWvSv PmKcWw A\pjvTn¡pI F¶XmWv CXnsâ {][m\ IÀaw. ss{IkvXhhnizmknIsf kw_Ôn¨v Cu hN\PmKcWw \St¯WvS AhkcamWv awKfhmÀ¯¡mew. AXpsImWvSmWv Unkw_À amks¯ ssZhhN\]mcmbWamkambn BNcn¡p¶Xv.
\½psS A\pZn\PohnX¯n ssZhhN\hmb\ hnhn[ Xe¯n \S¯s¸Smhp¶XmWv:
1. enäÀPn¡Â hmb\ AYhm Bcm[\{Iahmb\.
BZnak`bn am{Xaà A¨SnhnZy IsWvS¯p¶ Imewhscbpw hnizmknIÄ¡v ssZhhN\w e`n¨ncp¶Xv Bcm[\{Ia¯nse hmb\bneqsSbmbncp¶p. A¡me¯v ss__nfnsâ ssIsbgp¯p{]XnIÄ X¿mdm¡nbncp¶Xv Bcm[\bv¡v D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\pthWvSnbmbncp¶p. enäÀPnbnse hmb\Ifmbncp¶p hnizmknIÄ¡v ssZhhN\w A\p`hn¡m\pÅ GI Ahkcw. AXpw an¡hmdpw {]mNo\`mjIfn hmbn¡pIbpw tlmanenIfmbn ({]kwKambn) AXnsâ `mjm´cw \S¯pIbpambncp¶p ]Xnhv. C¶pw Bcm[\{Ia¯nse hN\hmb\ hfsc {][m\s¸«XmWv. enäÀPn¡Â hmb\ Bcm[\{IahÕc¯n [ym\n¡p¶ hnhn[ aninlmkw`h§tfmSp _Ôs¸Sp¯nbmWv.
2. XpSÀhmb\: ssZhhN\hmb\bpsS cWvSmasXmcp {Iaw hnip²ss__nÄ XpSÀ¨bmbn hmbn¡pI F¶XmWv. {]mNo\ kn\tKmKpIfnepw BZnak`bnepw hnip²{KÙw XpSÀ¨bmbn ]ckyambn hmbn¡p¶ coXnbpWvSmbncp¶p. C¶pw hnip²{KÙ¯nsâ BZywapX Ahkm\whsc XpSÀ¨bmbn hmbn¡p¶ coXn hfsc km[mcWamWv. hnip²{KÙs¯ AXnsâ ka{KXbn Adnbp¶Xn\pw c£mIcNcn{Xhpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n hnip²{KÙw a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\pw C{]ImcapÅ XpSÀhmb\IÄ klmbn¡pw.
ssZhhN\]mcmbWamkt¯mS\p_Ôn¨v ss__nÄ Hcmhr¯n XpSÀ¨bmbn hmbn¡p¶ hyànIfpw BZy´w hmbn¡s¸Sp¶ Øe§fpw C¶p [mcmfambpWvSv. GItZiw \qdpaWn¡qdpIÄ sImWvSv hnip² ss__nÄ ]qÀWambpw Hcmhr¯n hmbn¡mhp¶XmWv. 8760 aWn¡qdpIfpÅ BWvSph«¯n \qdpaWn¡qdpIÄ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n ss__nÄ XpSÀhmb\bmbn \S¯phm³ \ap¡p km[n¡p¶XmWv. HcpZnhkw 20þ25 an\näp hmbn¨m km[yamIpw.
3. [ym\mßIhmb\ AYhm {]mÀY\m]qÀhIamb hmb\: hnip²{KÙ¯nsâ GsX¦nepw `mKw {]mÀ°\bv¡pw [ym\¯n\pambn FSp¯phmbn¡p¶ coXnbmWnXv. {]mÀ°\m]qÀhw hnip² {KÙw hmbn¨p [ym\n¨v AXnt\mSp kwkmcn¨v Bßob A`nhr²n¡pthWvSn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶p. s]mXphn seIvkntbm Znho\ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. ChnsS Aev]t\cs¯ {]mÀ°\tbmsS ssZhhN\hmb\ Bcw`n¡p¶p. ssZhhN\`mKw H¶p cWvSp {]mhiyw im´ambn a\kncp¯nhmbn¡p¶p. D¨¯nepw \ni_vZambpw hmbn¡p¶p. AXnse hN\§sf¡pdn¨v [ym\n¡pIbpw a\Ên ]Xnbp¶ hN\§Ä BhÀ¯n¨p]dbpIbpw XpSÀ¶pw {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw hmbn¨v [ym\n¨ hN\`mK¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n {]hr¯nXe¯nte¡p Xocpam\§Ä FSp¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. hyàn]cambpw {Kq¸mbpw C{]ImcapÅ ssZhhN\hmb \S¯mhp¶XmWv. BßobhfÀ¨bv¡v Gähpw klmbIamb ssZhN\]mcmbWcoXnbmWnXv.
4. hymJym\¯n\pthWvSnbpÅ hmb\ (FIvsksPän¡Â): FIvsksPknkv F¶p ]dªm ]pds¯Sp¡pI F¶mWv AÀ°w. ssZhhN\w FgpXs¸«Xnsâ AÀ°w, e£yw F¶nh IsWvS¯n ]Tn¡p¶Xn\pthWvSnbpÅ hmb\bmWnXv. hnip² {KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv Htc kabw ssZhmcq]nbpw am\pjnI{KÙImc\pambncn¡p¶XpsImWvSv hnip²{KÙ¯nsâ bYmÀ° AÀ°w IsWvS¯p¶Xn\v ]cnip²mcq]nbpsS klmbw {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw am\pjnIamb kmlNcy§fpw IgnhpIfpw D]tbmKn¨v hnip² ss__nÄ ]Tn¡pIbpw thWw. ssZhhN\w FgpXs¸« Imew, Ncn{X]Ým¯ew, Øew, AhnSs¯ kwkvImcw, FgpXnb `mj, kmlnXyssien, Fgp¯pImcsâ ssZhimkv{X e£yw FÃmw a\knemt¡WvSnbncn¡p¶p. hnip² eq¡m Çolm kphntijsagpXnbXns\¡pdn¨p ]dbp¶Xv FÃm¡mcy§fpw kq£vaambn ]cntim[n¨Xn\ptijw {Iaambn FgpXp¶p (eq¡m 1,3) F¶mWv. AXpsImWvSpXs¶ ssZhhN\w AXnsâ bYmÀ° AÀ°¯n hymJym\n¡Wsa¦n ssZhmcq]ntbmSp tNÀ¶p \n¡pIbpw kq£vaambpw {Iaambpw ]Tn¡pIbpw sNt¿WvSnbncn¡p¶p. AXpsImWvSv ssZhN\w hmbn¡p¶Xns\m¸w ssZhhN\s¯¡pdn¨pÅ aäp ]T\§fpw hmbnt¡WvSnbncn¡p¶p. ss__nÄIaâdnIfpw, ss__nfnsâ Ncn{XþkwkvImcþ`mjm ]Ým¯e§Ä hnhcn¡p¶ ]pkvXI§fpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯mw. C{]ImcapÅ klmbI{KÙ§tfmsS ss__nÄ hmbn¡p¶XmWv hymJym\¯n\pthWvSnbpÅ hmb\.
5. {]kwK¯n\pw ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xn\papÅ hmb\: hnip²{KÙw AXnsâ icnbmb AÀ°¯n ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw {]kwKn¡pIbpamWv ChnsS e£ywhbv¡p¶Xv. CXv bmYmÀ°yamIp¶Xv apIfn ]dª \mep hmb\Ifpw AXnsâ {]m[m\yt¯msS \S¯pI F¶XmWv. Asæn hymJym\¯nepw ]Tn¸n¡enepw sXäp]ämw. ImcWw hnip² ss__nÄ Bbnc¯ne[nIw hÀj§ÄsImWvSv \mev]Xne[nIw {KÙImc·mcn \n¶v hyXykvX`mjIfn hnhn[ cmPy§fn FgpXs¸« 73 ]pkvXI§fpsS kamlmcamWv. F¦nepw AXnsâ {]Xn]mZyhnjbw H¶p am{Xw: ssZhþa\pjy_Ôw, a\pjyNcn{X¯nepÅ ssZhnICSs]S AXmbXv a\pjysâ c£mIcNcn{Xw. ImcWw, Ncn{X¯neqsS a\pjyIpes¯ \bn¡p¶ ssZhmcq]nbmWv CXnsâ GI {KÙIÀ¯mhv. AXmbXv, {]tNmZnX{KÙIÀ¯mhv. AXn\m ssZhmcq]ntbmSp tNÀ¶pw a\pjysâ kÀKiàn D]tbmKn¨pw ss__nÄ hmbn¡Ww, ]Tn¡Ww. hnip² ss__nÄ cq]w sImWvSXv C{kmtb P\Xbnepw (]gb\nbaw) k`bnepambXpsImWvSv (]pXnb\nbaw) C{kmtbÂP\XbpsSbpw k`bpsSbpw hymJym\Ncn{Xt¯mSp tNÀ¶pthWw hnip²{KÙw hmbn¡m\pw ]Tn¡m\pw hymJym\n¡m\pw.

(teJI³ ]mem cq]X ss__nÄ A¸kvtXmteäv UbdIvSdmWv)